var bubbleTextList = { 1 : 'Hello my name is boaz Hello my name is boaz Hello my name is boaz Hello my name is boaz Hello my name is boaz Hello my name is boaz Hello my name is boaz Hello my name is boaz Hello my name is boaz Hello my name is boaz Hello my name is boaz Hello my name is boaz ', 2 : 'In eight months, I heard many, many staff discussions, but not three meaningful, substantive policy discussions.... On social policy and related issues, the lack of even basic policy knowledge, and the only casual interest in knowing more, was somewhat breathtaking', 3 : 'When the President was unable to get his faith-based bill through Congress, he just put it into effect anyway by means of two executive orders, going to Philadelphia to sign the second one. One of Karl Roves celebratory signs was unfurled over the stage: COMPASSION IN ACTION', 235 : 'The right wing in America likes to think that the United States government was, at its inception, highly religious, specifically highly Christian, and even more specifically highly biblical. That was not true of that government or any later government', 236 : 'La ala lalal lala lala alal ala
yeah
yeah
lalalallalala', 237 : 'There was to be no outbreak of cholera in New Orleans, nor among the residents who fled. Despite raw sewage and decomposing bodies floating in the toxic brew that drowned the city, cholera was never likely to happen: there was little evidence that the specific bacteria that cause cholera were present. But the point had be', 238 : 'One of the points I try to make in “Through the Children’s Gate”—or, maybe more accurately, one of the themes I try to dramatize—is how different anxiety and fear are as civic emotions, even though we use the words interchangeably. Anxiety has always been a New York emotion, the New York emotion—anxiety about crime, anxiety about success, anxiety about the sources of one’s anxiety. But anxiety is essentially an active, and activating, emot', 239 : 'frequently hear people refer to Debussy, Satie, and Ravel as new music, or at least precursors of it. But then again, there are period instrument recordings of Debussy songs and an extremely revelatory set of Ravel\'s complete piano music performed by Gwendolyn Mok on an Erard, all of which make a compelling case for impressionism to be folded into early music', 240 : 'Robert Rauschenberg (born 1925) A wildly inventive painter, sculptor, printmaker, and photographer known for his artistic representation of everyday people and objects. Robert Rauschenberg is best known for his innovative collages and “combines,” sculptures that blended strange mixes of items.', 241 : 'Jerry Uelsmann

Jerry Uelsmann (1934-) is an educator, photographer and master printer.

From 1953-1957 he studied photography with Ralph Hattersley and the immensely influential and spiritual Minor White who founded Aperture. He moved on to study with Henry Holmes Smith at Indiana University Graduate School, Bloomington (1958-1960) and was influenced by the abstraction present in the works of both Minor White and Henry Holmes Smith. He took at teaching role at University of Florida in Gainsville and continued with his own photography which was maturing into a Surrealistic style that required masterful printing from multiple negatives. The images of floating rocks, and trees and houses growing out of tree roots with titles like “Flamingos Visit Yosemite” question reality and have a visionary quality that makes them iconic.

He was co-founder of The Friends of Photography (1962) and received a Guggenheim Fellowship (1967) and a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship (1972) and a founding member of The Society for Photographic Education (SPE). He is married to the artist Maggie Taylor.

An interview between Interview between John Paul Caponigro and Jerry Uelsmann was published in the November/December, 1997 issue of View Camera magazine. Click here to view.', 242 : 'Schenker's theory of tonal music evolved over a period that spanned most of his career. During this time he wrote many other essays which discussed a wide range of topics from close analyses of rhythm and texture to studies of improvisation. Like many musicians then (and now), he felt that the key to understanding the structure of tonal music lay in the pitch organisation. Although his analyses discuss all the various parameters of a musical work, it is nevertheless pitch that his theory concentrates on. ', 243 : 'According to sources in the ultra-Orthodox community, the sides have reached agreement on all issues with the exception of the release of the protesters and the dropping of all charges against them. The sources said that on that point, the understandings have yet to be finalized.According to sources in the ultra-Orthodox community, the sides have reached agreement on all issues with the exception of the release of the protesters and the dropping of all charges against them. The sources said that on that point, the understandings have yet to be finalized. ', 244 : 'Very good monarchs must surely dislike innovation, if only to acknowledge the fact that innovation must surely dislike them. It may be said that Queen Elizabeth II has been especially skilled in this respect, having fought every day since her coronation on June 2, 1953, to oppose any sort of change in the habits of tradition and to preserve the British monarchy from the encroaching vulgarity of public feeling. ', 259 : '

Ansel Adams (1902–1984)

Ansel Adams’ first ambition was to become a concert pianist, and many urged him not to give it up for photography. But he was also an ardent conservationist who fell in love with nature, particularly the Yosemite Sierra, and he ultimately became famous for his signature black-and-white Western landscapes, photographing at different times and seasons to show nature’s changing patterns. In fact, he won three Guggenheim grants to photograph national parks. A believer in “straight photography,” he founded the anti-pictorialist Group f/64 with Edward Weston in 1932. Adams also developed the Zone System, an exposure technique for black-and-white photography that allows photographers to control the tonal range in a negative, giving them more control over finished photographs. While Adams is known for his landscapes, he also did commercial portraits and documentary work.

', 247 : '

Robert Rauschenberg (born 1925 )

A wildly inventive painter, sculptor, printmaker, and photographer known for his artistic representation of everyday people and objects. Robert Rauschenberg is best known for his innovative collages and “combines,” sculptures that blended strange mixes of items.

Recommened links about Robert Rauschenberg: www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/rauschenberg_r.html
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2479/is_n5_v25/ai_20582798]

', 248 : 'kljkjhkj ', 249 : '

Robert Rauschenberg (1925)

A wildly inventive painter, sculptor, printmaker, and photographer known for his artistic representation of everyday people and objects. Robert Rauschenberg is best known for his innovative collages and “combines,” sculptures that blended strange mixes of items.

Links:
www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/rauschenberg_r.html
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2479/is_n5_v25/ai_20582798

', 250 : '

Robert Rauschenberg (1925)

A wildly inventive painter, sculptor, printmaker and photographer known for his artistic representation of everyday people and objects. Robert Rauschenberg is best known for his innovative collages and "combines," sculptures that blended strange mixes of items.

Links:

PBS
FindArticles.com', 251 : '

Jerry Uelsmann (born 1934)

An American photographer and teacher, Jerry Uelsmann is known for merging multiple images to create mysterious, surreal montages—undertaking the meticulous task in the darkroom long before the today’s computer programs made it easier. His photography appears in the permanent collections of many museums worldwide, including the Modern Museum of Art in New York and Victoria and Albert Museum in London.

links: uelsmann.net & pdngallery.com

', 252 : '

Bruce Davidson (born 1933)

A freelance photographer based in New York City, Bruce Davidson began his career shooting for Life magazine and in 1958 became a member of MAGNUM Photos, the prestigious agency for photojournalists. His compelling photographs have documented various aspects of American life including the civil rights movement, the behind-the-scenes emotions of football players, and a block in East Harlem.

links: Washington Post & Magnum Photos

', 253 : '

Pete Turner (born 1934)

Known for the vibrant, contrasting colors of his images, Pete Turner has traveled the world shooting photo essays, ad campaigns, and personal projects. His career launched with the rich, lush photos he took of the Ndebele tribe in South Africa, and Africa continues to call. He recently completed a book entitled Pete Turner African Journey, Turner's photographs are in the permanent collection of major museums all over the world, and he has received more than 300 awards for his photography.

Links:
pdngallery.com

peteturner.com

', 254 : '

Emmet Gowin (born 1941)

Emmet Gowin first became known for a series of carefully-crafted large-format photographs he took of his family. The spontaneous black-and-white images reveal intimate bonds and convey the details of everyday life. For the last 30 years, Gowin has been taking landscape photographs, including aerial photos of land masses that have been altered by either nature or man. His photographs been exhibited in museums and galleries around the world. He has received several honors, including NEA and Guggenheim fellowships.

links:
pewarts.org

eastman.org

tfaoi.com

', 255 : '

Robert Rauschenberg (born 1925)

A wildly inventive painter, sculptor, printmaker, and photographer known for his artistic representation of everyday people and objects. Robert Rauschenberg is best known for his innovative collages and “combines,” sculptures that blended strange mixes of items.

Recommended links: PBS & Find Articles

', 256 : '

Pete Turner (born 1934)

', 261 : '

Ansel Adams (1902–1984)

Ansel Adams’ first ambition was to become a concert pianist, and many urged him not to give it up for photography. But he was an ardent conservationist who fell in love with nature, particularly the Yosemite Sierra, and he ultimately became famous for his signature black-and-white Western landscapes, photographed in different seasons to show nature’s changing patterns. He won three Guggenheim grants to photograph national parks.

A believer in “straight photography,” he founded the antipictorialist Group f/64 with Edward Weston in 1932. Adams also developed the Zone System, an exposure technique for black-and-white photography that allows photographers to control the tonal range in a negative, giving them more control over finished photographs. Though known for his landscapes, he also did commercial portraits and documentary work.

', 260 : 'Bubble Bubble Bubble
', 262 : '

Aaron Siskind (1903–91)

After initially working as a documentary photographer for the New York Photo League, Aaron Siskind eventually turned to abstract expressionism. A pioneer in photography education, he taught with Harry Callahan in North Carolina, headed the photography department at the Rhode Island School of Design, and was a founding member of the Society for Photographic Education (SPE). Today, the Aaron Siskind Foundation provides cash grants to individual photographic artists every year.

', 263 : '

Aaron Siskind (1903–91)

', 264 : '

Edward Weston (1886–1958)

An influential American photographer known for his interpretive eye and superbly printed photographs, Edward Weston’s initial style was soft-focused and pictorialist. However, after joining the London Salon in 1917—and meeting Alfred Stieglitz and Paul Strand a few years later—he began shooting his subjects in sharp focus and emphasizing more abstract forms. After a stint in Mexico City, he moved to California and began the work for which he would become renowned—landscapes, nudes, and exquisite still lifes of objects such as shells and vegetables. (He eventually burned most of his early negatives, wanting to be remembered for his later work.) Along with Ansel Adams, Weston helped form the famous Group f/64 in 1932, and was the first photographer to receive a Guggenheim Fellowship.

', 265 : '

Garry Winogrand (1928–1984)

Garry Winogrand (1928–1984)
An American photographer who captured the zeitgeist of an era with his 1960s street photographs, Garry Winogrand began his career working for Collier’s, Sports Illustrated, and other magazines. But feeling hemmed in by his editors’ directives—and inspired by Walker Evans’ book American Photographs—Winogrand eventually began to take a more artistic approach to his work, developing a style often characterized by grainy textures, tilted frames, and complex interactions between the subjects in his photos. Winogrand’s work earned legitimacy thanks to noted curator John Szarkowski, who gave him exhibitions at The Museum of Modern Art. Today, his work can be found in many notable collections. A prolific photographer, Winogrand left more than 2,500 rolls of undeveloped film at the time of his death.

', 266 : '

Aaron Siskind (1903–1991)

After initially working for years as a documentary photographer for the New York Photo League, Aaron Siskind eventually turned to abstract expressionism. A pioneer in photography education, he taught with Harry Callahan in North Carolina, headed the photography department at the Rhode Island School of Design, and was a founding member of the Society for Photographic Education (SPE). Today, the Aaron Siskind Foundation provides cash grants to individual photographic artists every year.

', 267 : '

Harry Callahan (1912–99)

Harry Callahan, who is probably best known for his placid nude portraits of his wife Eleanor, studied with Ansel Adams and later taught at the Rhode Island School of Design. As his career progressed, he shot landscapes, building façades, and collages, but all of his work conveyed a certain serenity and calmness. Callahan’s work has been exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art and the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC, among other places.

', 268 : '

Peter Bunnell

Peter Bunnell is a former McAlpin professor of the history of photography and modern art at Princeton University, the nation’s first endowed professorship of the history of photography. During his 30 years at Princeton, he mentored a number of students, several of whom became respected curators at museums and galleries around the world, including Doug Nickel (Center for Creative Photography) and Malcolm Daniel (the Metropolitan Museum of Art). Bunnell also served as the faculty curator of photography and was responsible for the Minor White Archive and the Clarence H. White Collection.

Prior to joining Princeton in 1972, he was curator of photography at the Museum of Modern Art. A leading thinker in his field, Bunnell has written essays on numerous photographic topics, including collecting photography, portraiture, and large-format photography, as well as on specific photographers and galleries. He is also the author of Minor White: The Eye That Shapes and Degrees of Guidance, a collection of essays on 20th-century American photography.

', 269 : '

Harry Callahan (1912–1999)

Harry Callahan, who is probably best known for his placid nude portraits of his wife Eleanor, studied with Ansel Adams and later taught at the Rhode Island School of Design. As his career progressed, he shot landscapes, building façades, and collages, but all of his work conveyed a certain serenity and calmness. Callahan’s work has been exhibited at The Museum of Modern Art and the National Gallery of Art, among other places.

', 275 : '

Harry Callahan (1912–1999)

Harry Callahan, who is probably best known for his placid nude portraits of his wife Eleanor, studied with Ansel Adams and later taught at the Rhode Island School of Design. As his career progressed, he shot landscapes, building façades, and collages, but all of his work conveyed a certain serenity and calmness. Callahan’s work has been exhibited at The Museum of Modern Art and the National Gallery of Art, among other places.

', 272 : '

W. Eugene Smith (1918–1978)

Beginning his career as a fashion and portrait photographer, W. Eugene Smith eventually became a leading photojournalist, working for such publications as Life, Parade, and Flying. He was badly wounded while working as a war photographer in Japan in 1945. Following an arduous recovery he rejoined Life, where he contributed several photo essays, including Country Doctor and A Man of Mercy (about Albert Schweitzer). At Life, he pushed for control of the magazine’s photo essay format, knocking heads with fellow photographers and editors. In 1955, he joined Magnum and embarked on several notable projects, including Pittsburgh, for which he took thousands of photos throughout the city. Smith’s archive is held at the Center for Creative Photography.

', 270 : '

Ansel Adams (1902–1984)

', 271 : '

Richard Avedon (1923–2004)

A leading fashion photographer, Richard Avedon revamped the genre by capturing his models’ personalities on film to create arresting, theatrical images. Discovered by Alexey Brodovitch at Harper’s Bazaar when he was just 22, Avedon worked for the magazine for 20 years, while also contributing to Life, Look, and other publications. In 1965 he joined Vogue, where he developed his signature style, shooting his subjects against a stark white backdrop. He produced several books, including Observations (celebrity portraits and images of Italian street life, with an essay by Truman Capote) and Nothing Personal (celebrity portraits and photographs of the mentally ill and prisoners). His work has been exhibited at the Smithsonian Institution, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Whitney Museum of American Art.

', 273 : '

Harry Callahan (1912–1999)

Harry Callahan, who is probably best known for his placid nude portraits of his wife Eleanor, studied with Ansel Adams and later taught at the Rhode Island School of Design. As his career progressed, he shot landscapes, building façades, and collages, but all of his work conveyed a certain serenity and calmness. Callahan’s work has been exhibited at The Museum of Modern Art and the National Gallery of Art, among other places.

', 274 : '

Peter Bunnell

', 278 : '

Aaron Siskind (1903–1991)

After initially working for years as a documentary photographer for the New York Photo League, Aaron Siskind eventually turned to abstract expressionism. A pioneer in photography education, he taught with Harry Callahan in North Carolina, headed the photography department at the Rhode Island School of Design, and was a founding member of the Society for Photographic Education (SPE ). Today, the Aaron Siskind Foundation provides annual cash grants to photographic artists.

', 276 : '

Ansel Adams (1902–1984)

', 277 : '

Peter Bunnell

', 279 : '

Ansel Adams (1902–1984)

', 280 : '

Harry Callahan (1912–1999)

Harry Callahan, who is probably best known for his placid nude portraits of his wife Eleanor, studied with Ansel Adams and later taught at the Rhode Island School of Design. As his career progressed, he shot landscapes, building façades, and collages, but all of his work conveyed a certain serenity and calmness. Callahan’s work has been exhibited at The Museum of Modern Art and the National Gallery of Art, among other places.

', 281 : '

Harry Callahan (1912–1999)

Harry Callahan, who is probably best known for his placid nude portraits of his wife Eleanor, studied with Ansel Adams and later taught at the Rhode Island School of Design. As his career progressed, he shot landscapes, building façades, and collages, but all of his work conveyed a certain serenity and calmness. Callahan’s work has been exhibited at The Museum of Modern Art and the National Gallery of Art, among other places.

', 282 : '

Garry Winogrand (1928–1984)

An American photographer who captured the zeitgeist of an era with his 1960s street photographs, Garry Winogrand began his career working for Collier’s, Sports Illustrated, and other magazines. But feeling hemmed in by his editors’ directives—and inspired by Walker Evans’ book American Photographs—Winogrand eventually began to take a more artistic approach to his work, developing a style often characterized by grainy textures, tilted frames, and complex interactions between the subjects in his photos. Winogrand’s work earned legitimacy thanks to noted curator John Szarkowski, who gave him exhibitions at The Museum of Modern Art. Today, his work can be found in many notable collections. A prolific photographer, Winogrand left more than 2,500 rolls of undeveloped film at the time of his death.

', 283 : '

Jim Enyeart (born 1943)

A photographer, author, scholar, and educator, Jim Enyeart was the curator of photography at the University of Kansas, director of the Center for Creative Photography at the University of Arizona, and then director of the George Eastman House.

', 284 : '

Peter Bunnell

', 285 : '

Malcolm Daniel (born 1956)

Since joining New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1990 as a curatorial assistant, Malcolm Daniel has steadily risen through the ranks to his current position, curator in charge of the department of photographs. A specialist in 19th-century French and British photography, he has curated numerous exhibitions at the Met, including The Photographs of Édouard Baldus: Landscapes and Monuments of France (1994); Edgar Degas, Photographer (1998-1999); and The Dawn of Photography: French Daguerreotypes, 1839-1855 (2003-2004). A widely published scholar, Daniel founded and still runs the Alfred Stieglitz Society, is a widely published scholar, and has taught at Columbia University.

', 286 : '

Ellen Handy (born 1961)

Ellen Handy is an associate professor at City College of New York, where she teaches art history and the history of photography. She is a former executive curator of photography and visual collections at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin, where she oversaw the Ransom Center’s impressive art, film, and photography collections. She has also been curator for the International Center of Photography, New York City’s leading photography museum, where she oversaw 50,000 photographs, curated exhibitions, and managed acquisitions. She has published and spoken on various topics related to fine art and photography.

', 287 : '

Germaine Krull (1897–1985)

A prolific German photographer who had a wide-ranging career, Germaine Krull produced portraits, advertising images, photojournalism, and architectural work. In her late twenties, she moved to Paris, where she hobnobbed with a coterie of avant-garde photographers and took modernistic industrial photographs, quickly becoming a leader in the postpictorialist New Vision movement. As a political activist, she supported the Free French Movement and photographed the 1944 invasion of southern France.

', 288 : '

Carleton E. Watkins (1829–1916)

Drawn to the West by the Gold Rush, Carleton E. Watkins took striking, detailed photographs of the remote Yosemite Valley—among the best landscape photos of the 19th century—hauling his giant custom-made camera, tripods and heavy glass-plate negatives on horseback to do so. His award-winning images ultimately inspired creation of the Yosemite Bill in 1864, which safeguarded the valley and the nearby redwoods from exploitation, preserving them for generations to come. Watkins also photographed widely in San Francisco and along the Pacific Coast. Sadly, the 1906 earthquake and fire in San Francisco destroyed Watkins’ studio and his negatives, which Stanford University was about to archive.

', 289 : '

Andreas Gursky (born 1955)

Andreas Gursky, one of the most influential color photographers of the early 21st century, is known for his giant panoramic images of contemporary culture—from supermarkets and factory floors to international stock exchanges and trash dumps. Because of their scale, Gursky’s photographs require stepping back to see the Big Picture. But, detailed and richly colored, the images reveal a new perspective when the viewer moves in closer. In the 1990s, the German photographer began digitally manipulating his photos, often using labor-intensive processes to achieve the desired effects. His work is exhibited around the world, and his photographs have broken auction records.

', 290 : '

Cindy Sherman (born 1954)

American photographer Cindy Sherman rocketed to fame after releasing her Untitled Film Stills (1977–1980), a breakthrough series of 69 black-and-white photographs that raised questions about female identity. Echoing movie stills, the photographs feature Sherman herself as the subject and parody archetypal female roles, from starlet to librarian to sex kitten. In later works, she took on other culturally prevalent images of women, including those in pornographic and fashion magazines, adding disturbing elements such as scars and bodily fluids to suggest the rejection of culturally imposed standards of femininity. Sherman, one of the most successful artists of the late 20th century, has influenced numerous young photographers.

', 291 : '

Eugène Atget (1898–1991)

Eugène Atget made documentary photographs of sights and people in Paris in the late 19th and early 20th centuries using a simple 18-by-24-centimeter view camera and no exposure meter. While his methods were simple and rarely varied, several of his contemporaries—including Man Ray, André Breton, and others—were impressed with the hidden world he was able to reveal in his photos, many of which he shot in the early mornings when the streets were empty. Following his death, his remaining prints and negatives were rescued by his friend and fellow photographer Berenice Abbott, who kept his reputation alive, especially in the United States. While Abbott sold her collection to The Museum of Modern Art, most of Atget’s 8,000 negatives—which were bought during his lifetime—remain in France, many in Paris museums and libraries.

', 292 : '

Beaumont Newhall (1908–1993)

An influential photo historian, curator, and photographer, Beaumont Newhall was the founding director of the photography department at The Museum of Modern Art, where he mounted the 1937 exhibition Photography 1839–1937, the first significant retrospective show in the history of photography. Beaumont later served as the curator and director of the International Museum of Photography at George Eastman House. He wrote many books, articles, and exhibition catalogues on photography, including the important text The History of Photography.

', 293 : '

Walker Evans (1903–1975)

An important documentary photographer whose career spanned 50 years, Walker Evans captured scores of iconic images—a rural whiteboard church, the wife of a sharecropper, and other scenes from the Great Depression—that are etched into the American psyche. His work was championed by The Museum of Modern Art in New York. He taught graphic arts at Yale University in the 1960s, influencing many students, and he was a talented writer of poems, fiction, criticism, and essays (in English and in French). His photography is widely collected by top museums and private collectors. Evans’ archive was acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1994.

', 294 : '

Carleton E. Watkins (1829–1916)

Drawn to the West by the Gold Rush, Carleton E. Watkins [ www.carletonwatkins.org/] took striking, detailed photographs of the remote Yosemite Valley—among the best landscape photos of the 19th century—hauling his giant custom-made camera, tripods and heavy glass-plate negatives on horseback to do so. His award-winning images ultimately inspired creation of the Yosemite Bill in 1864, which safeguarded the valley and the nearby redwoods from exploitation, preserving them for erations to come. Watkins also photographed widely in San Francisco and along the Pacific Coast. Sadly, the 1906 earthquake and fire in San Francisco destroyed Watkins' studio and his negatives, which Stanford University was about to archive.

', 295 : '

Wynn Bullock (1902-1975)

A dedicated student of philosophy, Wynn Bullock [ www.luminous-lint.com/_switchbox.php?action=ACT_SING_PH&p1=Wynn__Bullock&p2=ABCDEFGHIJKLN ] and [ www.creativephotography.org/pdf/bullock.pdf ] was intrigued by the philosophical and symbolic meaning of images. Admired for his superbly printed photographs of nudes and landscapes, Bullock was greatly influenced by the photographer Edward Weston [ www.edward-weston.com/edward_weston.htm ], who was also his lifelong friend. Bullock's photographs can be found in more than 80 museums, including The Museum of Modern Art [www.moma.org], the Center for Creative Photography [www.creativephotography.org], and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art [www.sfmoma.org].

', 296 : '

Aaron Siskind (1903-1991)

After initially working for years as a documentary photographer for the New York Photo League, Aaron Siskind [ www.aaronsiskind.org ] eventually turned to abstract expressionism. A pioneer in photography education, he taught with Harry Callahan [ www.brown.edu/Facilities/David_Winton_Bell_Gallery/callahan.html ] in North Carolina, headed the photography department at the Rhode Island School of Design [www.risd.edu], and was a founding member of the Society for Photographic Education (SPE) [www.spenational.org]. Today, the Aaron Siskind Foundation provides annual cash grants to photographic artists.

', 297 : '

Frederick Sommer (1905-1999)

An Italian-born American landscape architect, artist, musician, poet, and photographer, Frederick Sommer [ www.fredericksommer.org ] didn't focus on his photography until 1938, when he met Alfred Stieglitz [ www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/stieglitz_a.html ], Edward Weston [ www.edward-weston.com/edward_weston.htm ], and Georgia O'Keefe. His first images, of an amputated foot and decomposing animals, stirred strong reactions. He eventually moved to landscapes and also made interesting photomontages and clichés-verre (a hybrid of drawing, photography, and printmaking).

', 298 : '

Harry Callahan (1912-1999)

Harry Callahan [ www.brown.edu/Facilities/David_Winton_Bell_Gallery/callahan.html ], who is probably best known for his placid nude portraits of his wife Eleanor, studied with Ansel Adams [ www.anseladams.com ] and later taught at the Rhode Island School of Design [www.risd.edu]. As his career progressed, he shot landscapes, building façades, and collages, but all of his work conveyed a certain serenity and calmness. Callahan's work has been exhibited at The Museum of Modern Art [www.moma.org] and the National Gallery of Art [www.nga.gov], among other places.

', 299 : '

Wynn Bullock (1902-1975)

A dedicated student of philosophy, Wynn Bullock and was intrigued by the philosophical and symbolic meaning of images. Admired for his superbly printed photographs of nudes and landscapes, Bullock was greatly influenced by the photographer Edward Weston, who was also his lifelong friend. Bullock's photographs can be found in more than 80 museums, including The Museum of Modern Art, the Center for Creative Photography, and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.

', 300 : '

Aaron Siskind (1903-1991)

', 301 : '

Frederick Sommer (1905-1999)

An Italian-born American landscape architect, artist, musician, poet, and photographer, Frederick Sommer didn't focus on his photography until 1938, when he met Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Weston, and Georgia O'Keefe. His first images, of an amputated foot and decomposing animals, stirred strong reactions. He eventually moved to landscapes and also made interesting photomontages and clichés-verre (a hybrid of drawing, photography, and printmaking).

', 302 : '

Harry Callahan (1912-1999)

Harry Callahan, who is probably best known for his placid nude portraits of his wife Eleanor, studied with Ansel Adams and later taught at the Rhode Island School of Design. As his career progressed, he shot landscapes, building façades, and collages, but all of his work conveyed a certain serenity and calmness. Callahan's work has been exhibited at The Museum of Modern Art and the National Gallery of Art, among other places.

', 303 : '

Edward Weston (1886-1958)

An influential American photographer known for his interpretive eye and superbly printed photographs, Edward Weston's initial style was soft-focused and pictorialist. However, after joining the London Salon in 1917-and meeting Alfred Stieglitz and Paul Strand a few years later-he began shooting his subjects in sharp focus and emphasizing more abstract forms. After a stint in Mexico City, he moved to California and began the work for which he would become renowned-landscapes, nudes, and exquisite still lifes of objects such as shells and vegetables. (He eventually burned most of his early negatives, wanting to be remembered for his later work.) Along with Ansel Adams, Weston helped form the famous Group f/64 in 1932, and was the first photographer to receive a Guggenheim Fellowship.

', 304 : '

Doug Nickel

My area of concentration within the field of art history is the history of photography. I studied modern art and photography at Princeton, under Prof. Peter Bunnell, and was awarded a doctoral degree in 1995. I served ten years as a curator at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, where I organized traveling exhibitions on the work of Carleton Watkins and Lewis Carroll as well as projects investigating themes such as the snapshot. Prior to my arrival at Brown, I was director of the Center for Creative Photography and associate professor of art history at the University of Arizona in Tucson.

', 644 : '', 645 : 'Grant Wood

Grant Wood (1891-1942) was an American painter, print maker and exponent of Regionalism.

He studied at the Minneapolis School of Design and Handicraft (1910-1911) and for short periods at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, and the Art Institute of Chicago. In the 1920s he traveled to Europe periodically and in 1923 he enrolled at the Académie Julian in Paris. In 1934 he joined the staff of the University of Iowa.

With his strong ties to the rural American physical and social landscape he wore overalls as a statement about his earthy Midwest roots but the truth is more complex than this given his exposure to European art during his travels. His subjects combined the rustic elements of pitchforks, overalls or an apron trimmed with rick-rack but stylistically the hard edges were influenced by Renaissance painting. In 1930 his work “American Gothic” with country folk steadfast in front of a Carpenter Gothic architectural style house and on first viewing shows grim-faced Iowans. Although much parodied the painting is one of the most famous of American art.', 305 : '

Peter Bunnell

', 306 : '

Malcolm Daniel (born 1956)

Since joining New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1990 as a curatorial assistant, Malcolm Daniel has steadily risen through the ranks to his current position, curator in charge of the department of photographs. A specialist in 19th-century French and British photography, he has curated numerous exhibitions at the Met, including The Photographs of Édouard Baldus: Landscapes and Monuments of France (1994); Edgar Degas, Photographer (1998-1999); and The Dawn of Photography: French Daguerreotypes, 1839-1855 (2003-2004). A widely published scholar, Daniel founded and still runs the Alfred Stieglitz Society, is a widely published scholar, and has taught at Columbia University.

', 307 : '

Ellen Handy (born 1961)

Ellen Handy is an associate professor at City College of New York, where she teaches art history and the history of photography. She is a former executive curator of photography and visual collections at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin, where she oversaw the Ransom Center's impressive art, film, and photography collections. She has also been curator for the International Center of Photography, New York City's leading photography museum, where she oversaw 50,000 photographs, curated exhibitions, and managed acquisitions. She has published and spoken on various topics related to fine art and photography.

', 308 : '

Carleton E. Watkins (1829-1916)

Drawn to the West by the Gold Rush, Carleton E. Watkins took striking, detailed photographs of the remote Yosemite Valley-among the best landscape photos of the 19th century-hauling his giant custom-made camera, tripods and heavy glass-plate negatives on horseback to do so. His award-winning images ultimately inspired creation of the Yosemite Bill in 1864, which safeguarded the valley and the nearby redwoods from exploitation, preserving them for generations to come. Watkins also photographed widely in San Francisco and along the Pacific Coast. Sadly, the 1906 earthquake and fire in San Francisco destroyed Watkins' studio and his negatives, which Stanford University was about to archive.

', 309 : '

Edward Steichen (1879-1973)

One of the most important artistic figures of his time, Edward Steichen was originally a painter who burst onto the international photography scene by creating romantic pictorialist images. His pioneering work-which involved manipulating images and working creatively with filters-helped establish photography as a fine art. After Alfred Stieglitz bought some of his prints, the two became friends and Stieglitz promoted Steichen's work in his publication Camera Work. Steichen joined the advertising industry in 1923. He was instrumental in boosting the number of advertisements that used photography from 15 percent to 80 percent in just a decade. In 1947, Steichen became the director of photography for The Museum of Modern Art, where he organized The Family of Man in 1955, an exhibition of 503 photos that examined the universal themes of life, love, children, and death in 68 countries.

', 310 : '

Weegee (1899-1968)

The Austrian-born American photographer Weegee (Arthur Fellig) got his start as a freelance police beat photographer, capturing images of gangsters in the slums of New York. He lived behind a police station and often made it to the crime scene before the police arrived. (Observers credited him with having a sixth sense, like a Ouija board, earning him his nickname.) He eventually began photographing movie stars, including Marilyn Monroe, Marlene Dietrich, and Gregory Peck, often using kaleidoscopic lenses and mirrors to manipulate the images. The main character in the film The Public Eye, starring Joe Pesci, was based on Weegee.

', 311 : '

Minor White (1908-1976)

One of the most respected figures of his generation, Minor White focused his lens primarily on the natural world and is often associated with his textural photographs-images of rough bushes, a tree, cracks in a road, or frost crystals on glass. He was also an influential photography teacher, and in 1952 he co-founded the influential magazine Aperture with a group of fellow photography enthusiasts that included Ansel Adams, Dorothea Lange, and Beaumont Newhall. For the last 11 years of his life, White taught at MIT, where he had tremendous influence on the university's photography department.

', 312 : '

Walker Evans (1903-1975)

An important documentary photographer whose career spanned 50 years, Walker Evans captured scores of iconic images-a rural whiteboard church, the wife of a sharecropper, and other scenes from the Great Depression-that are etched into the American psyche. His work was championed by The Museum of Modern Art in New York. He taught graphic arts at Yale University in the 1960s, influencing many students, and he was a talented writer of poems, fiction, criticism, and essays (in English and in French). His photography is widely collected by top museums and private collectors. Evans' archive was acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1994.

', 313 : '

Eugène Atget (1898-1991)

Eugène Atget made documentary photographs of sights and people in Paris in the late 19th and early 20th centuries using a simple 18-by-24-centimeter view camera and no exposure meter. While his methods were simple and rarely varied, several of his contemporaries-including Man Ray, André Breton, and others-were impressed with the hidden world he was able to reveal in his photos, many of which he shot in the early mornings when the streets were empty. Following his death, his remaining prints and negatives were rescued by his friend and fellow photographer Berenice Abbott, who kept his reputation alive, especially in the United States. While Abbott sold her collection to The Museum of Modern Art, most of Atget's 8,000 negatives-which were bought during his lifetime-remain in France, many in Paris museums and libraries.

', 314 : '

Andreas Gursky (born 1955)

Andreas Gursky, one of the most influential color photographers of the early 21st century, is known for his giant panoramic images of contemporary culture-from supermarkets and factory floors to international stock exchanges and trash dumps. Because of their scale, Gursky's photographs require stepping back to see the Big Picture. But, detailed and richly colored, the images reveal a new perspective when the viewer moves in closer. In the 1990s, the German photographer began digitally manipulating his photos, often using labor-intensive processes to achieve the desired effects. His work is exhibited around the world, and his photographs have broken auction records.

', 315 : '

Cindy Sherman (born 1954)

American photographer Cindy Sherman rocketed to fame after releasing her Untitled Film Stills (1977-1980), a breakthrough series of 69 black-and-white photographs that raised questions about female identity. Echoing movie stills, the photographs feature Sherman herself as the subject and parody archetypal female roles, from starlet to librarian to sex kitten. In later works, she took on other culturally prevalent images of women, including those in pornographic and fashion magazines, adding disturbing elements such as scars and bodily fluids to suggest the rejection of culturally imposed standards of femininity. Sherman, one of the most successful artists of the late 20th century, has influenced numerous young photographers.

', 316 : '

Walker Evans (1903-1975)

', 317 : 'ok and a one
', 318 : 'and a two', 319 : 'and a one two three four
', 320 : '

Oracle

Oracle is an international nonprofit organization of museum professionals, scholars, independent curators, and others working in the field of photography. The organization holds an annual conference.

', 321 : '

Edward Weston (1886-1958)

', 322 : '

Julia Margaret Cameron (1815-1879)

British photographer Julia Margaret Cameron began taking photos merely to pass the time while her husband was away but quickly showed true talent as a portrait photographer. She ran in lofty circles, and her male subjects-Robert Browning, Charles Darwin, Henry Longfellow, Alfred Tennyson-were some of the great intellectuals and artists of the day. She usually shot against a dark background, draping her models' bodies in dark cloth and carefully lighting them from one side, to dramatic effect. Though Cameron also photographed female celebrities, she tended to select them for their beauty rather than their accomplishments.

', 323 : '

Harry Callahan (1912-1999)

Harry Callahan, who is probably best known for his placid nude portraits of his wife Eleanor, studied with Ansel Adams and later taught at the Rhode Island School of Design. As his career progressed, he shot landscapes, building façades, and collages, but all of his work conveyed a certain serenity and calmness. Callahan's work has been exhibited at The Museum of Modern Art and the National Gallery of Art, among other places.

', 324 : '

Garry Winogrand (1928-1984)

An American photographer who captured the zeitgeist of an era with his 1960s street photographs, Garry Winogrand began his career working for Collier's, Sports Illustrated, and other magazines. But feeling hemmed in by his editors' directives-and inspired by Walker Evans' book American Photographs-Winogrand eventually began to take a more artistic approach to his work, developing a style often characterized by grainy textures, tilted frames, and complex interactions between the subjects in his photos. Winogrand's work earned legitimacy thanks to noted curator John Szarkowski, who gave him exhibitions at The Museum of Modern Art. Today, his work can be found in many notable collections. A prolific photographer, Winogrand left more than 2,500 rolls of undeveloped film at the time of his death.

', 325 : '

Ruth Bernhard (1905-2006)

Known for her radiant female figures, German-born Ruth Bernhard was hailed by Ansel Adams as the "greatest photographer of the nude." A chance encounter with Edward Weston, who became a mentor, compelled her to explore her more artistic side. In addition to her signature nudes, most photographed in San Francisco, she was also known for her intriguing, often geometric still lifes. Bernhard published two portfolios, The Gift of the Commonplace, which she considers to include some of her finest work, and The Eternal Body. An eloquent speaker on the art of photography, Bernhard was known as a well-respected teacher who influenced many photographers’ careers.

', 326 : '

Henri Cartier-Bresson (1908-2004)

One of the greatest photographers of his time, Henri Cartier-Bresson was among the first photographers to use the new (at the time), smaller, 35mm camera, whose speed and mobility he loved. The father of modern photojournalism, he was known for recognizing "the decisive moment" to shoot. He took many iconic photos, and his candid "street photography" style influenced scores of photographers who followed. Cartier-Bresson's career took him across the United States and Europe, as well as to China, India, and Russia. Several volumes of his photographs have been published, and in 1960, a 400-print exhibition of his work toured the United States. He was one of the founders of Magnum, the prestigious picture agency in New York, London, Paris, and Tokyo. The Foundation Henri Cartier-Bresson-which the photographer created with his wife, Martine Franck, and their daughter to preserve and share his legacy-was the first of its kind in France. Cartier-Bresson was also a painter.

', 327 : '

John Gutmann (1905-1998)

Born in Germany, John Gutmann was an important teacher and painter of expressionist art in Berlin until, as a Jew, he was forced by the Nazis to quit his job. In 1933, he bought a Rolleiflex camera and moved to San Francisco, where he focused his artistic eye on American pop culture, reporting back to magazines in Germany. He eventually started the photography department at San Francisco State University and became a vibrant link between European modernism in the early 20th century and the burgeoning artistic culture in the San Francisco Bay Area in the last half of the century. His influence is seen today in the works of many contemporary photographers.

', 328 : '

Ansel Adams (1902-1984)

A believer in "straight photography," he founded the antipictorialist Group f/64 with Edward Weston in 1932. Adams also developed the Zone System, an exposure technique for black-and-white photography that allows photographers to control the tonal range in a negative, giving them more control over finished photographs. Though known for his landscapes, he also did commercial portraits and documentary work.

', 329 : '

Andreas Gursky (born 1955)

', 330 : '

Diane Arbus (1923-1971)

A documentary photographer best known for her intriguing images of people living on the fringes of society-carnival sideshow performers, nudists, religious zealots-Diane Arbus (pronounced Dee-ANN) got to know many of her subjects and felt true affection for them. Curator John Szarkowski recognized Arbus' unique talent and gave her two shows at The Museum of Modern Art, in 1965 and 1967, further boosting her notoriety. In 1971, she became the first photographer to be included in the Venice Biennale, a renowned art exhibition dating back to 1895.

', 331 : '

Nan Goldin (born 1953)

Nan Goldin became a sensation for her intimate, snapshot-like images of herself and her circle of friends, taken mostly in Boston and New York. Many of her photographs focus on themes such as drugs, domestic violence, cross-dressing, and death. Goldin's grunge style strongly influenced fashion photography, but was criticized by some for popularizing "heroin chic" in the 1990s. Her often monochromatic images get a boost of vibrancy from her artful use of flash lighting, an effect that is now considered the "Goldin look."

', 332 : '

Cindy Sherman (born 1954)

', 333 : '

John Szarkowski (born 1925)

John Szarkowski is an influential photography curator, historian, and critic, and a respected photographer in his own right. He was the director of photography at The Museum of Modern Art from 1962 until 1991, during which time he produced 160 exhibitions. He elevated the careers of many visionary photographers, including Diane Arbus, Lee Friedlander, and Garry Winogrand. He has written numerous books, including the classic Looking at Photographs: 100 Pictures from the Collection of the Museum of Modern Art, a series of examples on how to think about photography.

', 334 : '

William Eggleston (born 1939)

A pioneer in artistic color photography, William Eggleston photographs ordinary subjects-a nondescript interior, an open refrigerator, a tricycle-but is known for creating rich, vibrant images. A native of Memphis, Tennessee, Eggleston worked often in the Deep South, photographing quintessential American scenes in his signature snapshot-like style. In 1976 he presented his breakout, one-man show, William Eggleston's Guide, at The Museum of Modern Art. In the years since, he has photographed throughout Europe, Africa, and Asia, creating several substantial photo series.

', 335 : '

Bill Dane (born 1938)

Since the 1970s, street photographer Bill Dane has been captivating fans with his unique shots of urban California, which often show two opposing images meeting in interesting, sometimes unexpected ways. Dane has received two NEA Fellowships and two Guggenheim Fellowships.

', 336 : '

Cindy Sherman (born 1954)

', 337 : '

Berenice Abbott (1898-1991)

widely respected American photographer who spent most of her career in New York, Berenice Abbott's experimentation to documentation and scientific images. She spent the 1920s in Paris, where she was a photographic assistant to Man Ray and met the French master photographer Eugène Atget, whose remaining prints and negatives she rescued after his death and sold to The Museum of Modern Art, thereby establishing his reputation in the United States.

Abbott received four U.S. patents for photographic and other devices, launched the photography program at the New School for Social Research, and wrote several books, including the noted Guide to Better Photography.

', 338 : '

Julia Margaret Cameron (1815-1879)

', 339 : '

Julia Margaret Cameron (1815-1879)

', 340 : '

John Szarkowski (born 1925)

John Szarkowski is an influential photography curator, historian, and critic, and was a respected photographer in his own right. He was the director of photography at The Museum of Modern Art from 1962 until 1991, during which time he produced 160 exhibitions. He elevated the careers of many visionary photographers, including Diane Arbus, Lee Friedlander, and Garry Winogrand. He has written numerous books, including the classic Looking at Photographs: 100 Pictures from the Collection of the Museum of Modern Art, a series of examples on how to think about photography.

', 341 : '

Minor White (1908-1976)

', 342 : 'Jarru Callahan', 343 : '

Doug Nickel (1522-1622)

I think there's a desire at both ends-at the institutional end and at the photographer end-for this kind of information to be sort of formulated for the first time and then shared. The field has acted like the proverbial herd of cats. Everyone's been going in their own direction and doing things according to organic practices based on habit and tradition. And I think that it would mark a moment of maturity of the field to begin talking about these things. The danger is you have to give up a habit. The advantage is that you hear how other people do it and maybe they're doing it in a way that's better, and makes more sense for you"

', 344 : '

why oh why?

jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjsssssssssssssssssssssssssjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjs

', 345 : '

schaeffer

biggus wiggus

smell

', 346 : 'bored teenagers who consume video games on one monitor whilst they play interactive war massacres on the other.
', 347 : 'society might exist
', 348 : 'not nice - avoid at all costs
', 349 : 'means based on a concept
', 350 : '

Nipomo, California,

are framed by the whole series of shots that came before the one we recognize. This is a rare and fascinating perspective on the interaction between a photographer and her subject.

', 351 : 'Fascinated by photography and its power to evoke a sense of mysticism...', 352 : 'Fascinated by photography and its power to evoke a sense of mysticism...', 353 : 'Fascinated by photography and its power to evoke a sense of mysticism...', 354 : 'one two three four
', 355 : 'five six seven eight
', 356 : 'But a band visible around Whitman's finger', 357 : 'anotehr test
', 358 : 'Peter Bunnel was 'ere. He was also at Princeton, appointed in 1972 as the first endowed cahir in the history of photography. Peter also took responsibility for the University's Photography collection which has grown froma single Steiglitz to over 8,000 items. He has written numerous books and presented acadremic material to loads of people wearing glasses and some wih contact lenses.', 359 : '

W. Eugene Smith (1918-1978)

Beginning his career as a fashion and portrait photographer, W. Eugene Smith eventually became a leading photojournalist, working for such publications as Life, Parade, and Flying. He was badly wounded while working as a war

photographer in Japan in 1945. Following an arduous recovery he rejoined Life, where he contributed several photo essays, including Country Doctor and A Man of Mercy (about Albert Schweitzer). At Life, he pushed for control of the magazine's photo essay format, knocking heads with fellow photographers and editors. In 1955, he joined Magnum and embarked on several notable projects, including Pittsburgh, for which he took thousands of photos throughout the city.

Smith's archive is held at the Center for Creative Photography

', 360 : '

Garry Winogrand (1928-1984)

', 361 : 'Edward Weston (1886-1958)
An influential American photographer known for his interpretive eye and superbly printed photographs, Edward Weston's initial style was soft-focused and pictorialist. However, after joining the London Salon in 1917-and meeting Alfred Stieglitz and Paul Strand a few years later-he began shooting his subjects in sharp focus and emphasizing more abstract forms. After a stint in Mexico City, he moved to California and began the work for which he would become renowned - landscapes, nudes, and exquisite still lifes of objects such as shells and vegetables. (He eventually burned most of his early negatives, wanting to be remembered for his later work.) Along with Ansel Adams, Weston helped form the famous Group f/64 in 1932, and was the first photographer to receive a Guggenheim Fellowship.
', 362 : '

Peter Bunnell

Peter Bunnell is a former McAlpin professor of the history of photography and modern art at Princeton University, the nation's first endowed professorship of the history of photography. During his 30 years at Princeton, he mentored a number of students, several of whom became respected curators at museums and galleries around the world, including Doug Nickel (Center for Creative Photography) and Malcolm Daniel (the Metropolitan Museum of Art [www.metmuseum.org]). Bunnell also served as the faculty curator of photography and was responsible for the Minor White Archive and the Clarence H. White Collection. Prior to joining Princeton in 1972, he was curator of photography at the Museum of Modern Art. A leading thinker in his field, Bunnell has written essays on numerous photographic topics, including collecting photography, portraiture, and large-format photography, as well as on specific photographers and galleries. He is also the author of Minor White: The Eye That Shapes and Degrees of Guidance, a collection of essays on 20th-century American photography.

', 363 : 'Edward Weston (1886-1958)
An influential American photographer known for his interpretive eye and superbly printed photographs, Edward Weston's initial style was soft-focused and pictorialist. However, after joining the London Salon in 1917 - and meeting Alfred Stieglitz and Paul Strand a few yaers later - he began shooting his subjects in sharp focus and emphasizing more abstract forms. After a stint in Mexico City, he moved to California and began the work for which he would become renowned - landscapes, nudes, and exquisite still lifes of objects such as shells and vegetables. (He eventually burned most of his early negatives, wanting to be remembered for his later work.) Along with Ansel Adams, Weston helped form the famous Group f/64 in 1932, and was the first photographer to receive a Guggenheim Fellowship.', 364 : 'W. Eugene Smith (1918-1978)
Beginning his career as a fashion and portrait photographer, W. Eugene Smith eventually became a leading photojournalist, working for such publications as Life, Parade, and Flying. He was badly wounded while working as a war photographer in Japan in 1945. Following an arduous recovery he rejoined Life, where he contributed several photo essays, including Country Doctor and A Man of Mercy (about Albert Schweitzer). At Life, he pushed for control of the magazine's photo essay format, knocking heads with fellow photographers and editors. In 1955, he joined Magnum and embarked on several notable projects, including Pittsburgh, for which he took thousands of photos throughout the city. Smith's archive is held at the Center for Creative Photography.', 365 : 'Garry Winogrand (1928-1984)
An American photographer who captured the zeitgeist of an era with his 1960s street photographs, Garry Winogrand began his career working for Collier's, Sports Illustrated, and other magazines. But feeling hemmed in by his editors' directives - and inspired by Walker Evans' book American Photographs - Winogrand eventually began to take a more artistic approach to his work, developing a style often characterized by grainy textures, tilted frames, and complex interactions between the subjects in his photos. Winogrand's work earned legitimacy thanks to noted curator John Szarkowski, who gave him exhibitions at The Museum of Modern Art. Today, his work can be found in many notable collections. A prolific photographer, Winogrand left more than 2,500 rolls of undeveloped film at the time of his death.', 366 : 'Ansel Adams was really great and took some splendid shots whilst out walking in the hills and countryside. aaaaaaaaaaah.
', 367 : '

Edward Weston (1886-1958)

', 368 : '

Wynn Bullock (1902-1975)

A dedicated student of philosophy, Wynn Bullock was intrigued by the philosophical and symbolic meaning of images. Admired for his superbly printed photographs of nudes and landscapes, Bullock was greatly influenced by the photographer Edward Weston, who was also his lifelong friend. Bullock's photographs can be found in more than 80 museums, including The Museum of Modern Art the Center for Creative Photography, and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.

', 369 : '

Garry Winogrand (1928-1984)

n American photographer who captured the zeitgeist of an era with his 1960s street photographs, Garry Winogrand began his career working for Collier's, Sports Illustrated, and other magazines. But feeling hemmed in by his editors' directives-and inspired by Walker Evans' book American Photographs-Winogrand eventually began to take a more artistic approach to his work, developing a style often characterized by grainy textures, tilted frames, and complex interactions between the subjects in his photos. Winogrand's work earned legitimacy thanks to noted curator John Szarkowski, who gave him exhibitions at The Museum of Modern Art. Today, his work can be found in many notable collections. A prolific photographer, Winogrand left more than 2,500 rolls of undeveloped film at the time of his death.

', 370 : '

Harry Callahan (1912-1999)

Harry Callahan, who is probably best known for his placid nude portraits of his wife Eleanor, studied with Ansel Adams and later taught at the Rhode Island School of Design . As his career progressed, he shot landscapes, building faÂades, and collages, but all of his work conveyed a certain serenity and calmness. Callahan's work has been exhibited at The Museum of Modern Art and the National Gallery of Art among other places.

', 371 : '

Aaron Siskind (1903-1991)

After initially working for years as a documentary photographer for the New York Photo League, Aaron Siskind eventually turned to abstract expressionism. A pioneer in photography education, he taught with Harry Callahan in North Carolina, headed the photography department at the Rhode Island School of Design and was a founding member of the Society for Photographic Education (SPE). Today, the Aaron Siskind Foundation provides annual cash grants to photographic artists.

', 372 : '

Jim Enyeart (born 1943)

', 373 : '

Malcolm Daniel (born 1956)

Since joining New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1990 as a curatorial assistant, Malcolm Daniel has steadily risen through the ranks to his current position, curator in charge of the department of photographs. A specialist in 19th-century French and British photography, he has curated numerous exhibitions at the Met, including The Photographs of ƒdouard Baldus: Landscapes and Monuments of France (1994); Edgar Degas, Photographer (1998-1999); and The Dawn of Photography: French Daguerreotypes, 1839-1855 (2003-2004). A widely published scholar, Daniel founded and still runs the Alfred Stieglitz Society, is a widely published scholar, and has taught at Columbia University.

', 374 : '

Ellen Handy (born 1961)

Ellen Handy is an associate professor at City College of New York, where she teaches art history and the history of photography. She is a former executive curator of photography and visual collections at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin, where she oversaw the Ransom Center's impressive art, film, and photography collections. She has also been curator for the International Center of Photography, New York City's leading photography museum, where she oversaw 50,000 photographs, curated exhibitions, and managed acquisitions. She has published and spoken on various topics related to fine art and photography.

', 375 : 'Kunsthalle (literally "art hall") is generally a German term for an arts center mounting temporary exhibitions, and supported b the local Kunstverein, an art association of local collectors and artists. In many German cities, the local Kunstverein established permanent collections similar to those of the Kunstmuseum, which derive mainly from earlier fuedal times. ', 376 : 'Bill Gates is a patient man. And it’s a good thing. He launched Corbis, an independent company focusing on digital imagery distribution, 16 years ago. Finally, this year, he expects it to break even for the first time.

', 377 : '

Pop Art and Its Affinities

July 29, 2006 - September 30, 2007

Highlighting works from the 1960s and early 1970s, this installation captures a pivotal moment in the history of American art. Works by Pop artists, including Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, and Claes Oldenburg, are featured, as well as pieces by their predecessors, whose work resonates with Pop Art, such as Robert Rauschenberg.

Pop Art and Its Affinities also features paintings by Op Artists such as Edna Andrade, Richard Anuszkiewicz, and Josef Albers, who were among the first artists to base their work entirely upon optical impressions examined in the science of perceptual psychology, such as the after-image and chromatic vibration.

', 378 : '

Darren Almond (1971- )

Darren Almond was the youngest artist to exhibit at the infamous Sensation show at The Saatchi Gallery in 1997, an event that established the term "YBAs" (Young British Artists) into art historical canon. Almond, however, has since distinguished himself from the garish shock tactics of his contemporaries by turning to calm sculpture, films, and photographs that reorder traditional notions of place and time. Almond's work draws an acknowledgement of larger unknowns, touching upon ideas of mysticism, hermeticism, and subjective cultural experiences of place. Almond is a Lancastrian, occasionally referencing his family, their emotional position, and personal appreciations of life. He has had solo exhibitions at Tate Britain, Kunsthalle Zurich in Switzerland, and The Renaissance Society in Chicago.

', 379 : '

Lutz Bacher (1943- )

A Berkeley-based artist, Lutz Bacher has consistently challenged mainstream notions of gender, sexuality, violence, and power. While predominantly a video artist, he has successfully used multimedia, incorporating found objects, televised court footage, cropped celebrity TV stock, and other debris of modern culture. Bacher's manipulation of image and identity has drawn comparisons with Cindy Sherman, and his audio-visual juxtapositions are on occasion as piercing as Barbara Kruger's slogans. Bacher has exhibited internationally, with shows at the Whitney Biennial, White Columns in New York, Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco, and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Zurich.

', 380 : '

Édouard Baldus (1813-1889)

Originally a painter, French photographer Édouard Baldus took up photography in 1848 and never looked back. He was a member of Société Héliographique and worked for Mission Héliographique, for which he created clear, vivid images of aging French architectural monuments using special waxed paper negatives that he had patented. That work eventually garnered him government support for a new project, Les Villes de France photographiées, a series of architectural images taken in Paris and the provinces. Baldus also documented the Louvre's reconstruction in the 1850s, producing 2,000 negatives. In July 1861, the Paris-Lyon-Méditerranée (PLM) Railroad commissioned Baldus to produce an album of photographs of the rail constructions. In 1994, The Metropolitan Museum of Art hosted a traveling exhibit on Baldus titled The Photographs of Édouard Baldus: Landscapes and Monuments.

', 381 : '

Matthew Barney (1967- )

Contemporary artist Matthew Barney uses a variety of media-sculptural installations, performance art, drawing, photography, video-to create some of the most innovative works of his generation. While at Yale, he planned to study medicine, an interest that shows up in his artwork, which often explores the human body's workings and limits. Barney is best known for The Cremaster Cycle, a series of five visually-rich, experimental films that explore male sexuality.

', 382 : '

Jim Campbell (1956- )

San Francisco-based artist Jim Campbell, who holds degrees in Mathematics and Engineering from MIT, leads the way in using computer technology as an art form via his customized electronic sculptures and installations. His works utilize low resolution, low information interfaces to engage viewers' perceptions and memories. His work has been shown at major institutions worldwide including the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, The Power Plant in Toronto, The International Center for Photography in New York, and the NTT InterCommunication Center in Tokyo.

', 383 : '

Tom Crow

A Rosalie Solow Chair in Modern Art History at the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University (NYU), Crow's approach is one of community building that focuses on "advanced knowledge and ideas, sustained by traditions of free inquiry and unquestioned integrity." He is a widely published author, recently having written a survey of the life and work of artist Gordon Matta-Clark and major essays for The Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA), Los Angeles, on Robert Smithson and Robert Rauschenberg. He is a contributing editor to Artforum. Professor Crow is the former director of the Getty Research Institute and has taught at both the University of Southern California and Yale University.

', 384 : '

Edgar Degas (1834-1917)

A French artist who had a well-rounded career that included drawing, sculpture, and printmaking, Edgar Degas is best known for his painting. He is considered one of the founders of Impressionism (although he objected to the name), a style that features prominent brush strokes and muted details. While he painted some landscapes, he was much more interested in portraits and portrayed human gestures, poses, and facial expressions in a way that might cause the viewer to wonder about the subjects. Although he painted different types of people-milliners, opera performers, laundresses-he became famous for his many images of ballet dancers practicing backstage.

', 385 : '

Omer Fast (1972- )

An American-Israeli who plays with the cinematic medium, Omer Fast uses subject matter that ranges from reconfigurations of Hollywood icons and accepted film formula, to political and personal "refractions" of visual and oral history, to testimony and memory. Fast toys with the documentary genre-surely an abomination-but his playfulness is consistent, referencing mass distributed films and audiences' passive absorption into cinematic content. Simultaneously a devoted practitioner and an uber-critic of the moving image, he has gained appreciation across the Western world. His work has been exhibited at George Eastman House, Rochester; Cornerhouse, Manchester; Copenhagen Center for Contemporary Art; Kunstmuseum, Basel; and the Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh.

', 386 : '

Roger Fenton (1819-1869)

One of the most influential photographers of the mid-19th century, British photographer Roger Fenton studied art in both Paris and London before taking up a camera. While many of his contemporaries settled into a particular genre, Fenton's work ran the gamut-from portraiture to documentary sequences, from architectural studies to complex still lifes. He was commercially successful and many of his photographs are now iconic, such as his haunting Crimean War photo Valley of the Shadow of Death.

', 387 : '

Robert Frank (1924- )

Swiss-born documentary photographer Robert Frank is best known for his book The Americans. Funded by a Guggenheim Fellowship, Frank traversed the U.S. and photographed honest depictions of everyday people. His method contrasted vividly with the sentimental preoccupations of other '50s photographers. While his photographs were hotly criticized, they ultimately inspired an entire generation of photojournalists. Frank became a key figure of the Beat generation (Jack Kerouac wrote the foreword to his book) and made more than 25 pioneering films and videos.

', 388 : '

Maria Hambourg

Maria Hambourg was curator in charge of the Department of Photographs at The Metropolitan Museum of Art from its inception in 1992 until 2004 and continues to consult to the museum. Her leadership brought international attention to The Met's photographic collection and enriched its holdings in 19th and 20th century works. By establishing a strong and supportive Visiting Committee of eminent collectors and scholars, Hambourg ushered in an authoritative curated exhibition program including The Waking Dream: Photography's First Century, Selections from the Gilman Paper Company Collection (1993); Nadar (1994-95); Hiroshi Sugimoto (1995-96); Paul Strand, Circa 1916 (1998); Earthly Bodies: Irving Penn's Nudes, 1949-50 (2002); and Richard Avedon: Portraits (2002-2003).

', 389 : '

Ann Hamilton (1956- )

Ann Hamilton, who trained in textile design at the University of Kansas and received an MFA from Yale University, creates installations, photographs, videos, performances, and objects. She has received a number of awards and honors, including a MacArthur Fellowship, a National Endowment for the Arts Visual Arts Fellowship, and a Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship. She represented the United States at the 48th Venice Biennale in 1999 and at the 21st International São Paulo Bienal in 1991. She is a professor in the Department of Art at Ohio State University.

', 390 : '

David Hammons (1943- )

New-York based conceptual installation artist David Hammons' career has been a slow meander that willfully avoids the illuminati of the art world. Influenced by Dada, he repeatedly blurs the distinction between art and life. He values a walk more than a three-month exhibition, explaining, "Doing things in the street is more powerful than art, I think. Like Malcolm X said, '[Art] is like novocaine. It used to wake you up, but now it puts you to sleep.'" His staunchly evasive approach has ultimately established his notoriety. Hammons has exhibited at The Fabric Workshop and Museum, Philadelphia; Galerie Hauser & Wirth, Zurich; Ace Gallery, New York; White Cube, London; Gallery Shimada, Yamaguchi, Japan; and the Museo Reina Maria Sofia, Madrid.

', 391 : '

Lewis Wickes Hine (1874-1940)

Self-taught photographer Lewis Wickes Hine started his career as an instructor in nature studies and the official photographer for the Ethical Culture School in New York. A trained sociologist, he ultimately turned his lens to social ills such as child labor. Hine added captions detailing the childrens' ages, working conditions, and wages. While he eventually took on other projects-photographing construction of the Empire State Building, for example-he remains best known for his child labor photos.

', 392 : '

F. Holland Day (1864-1933)

A pictorialist photographer whose images alluded to classical antiquity, F. Holland Day is probably best known for his photographic recreation of the Crucifixion in 250 negatives, for which he himself posed as Christ. The series was lauded by some and criticized as sacrilegious by others. His other important works were series of male nudes, some with a homoerotic flavor, which also stirred up controversy.

', 393 : '

William Ivins (1881-1961)

Originally an attorney, William Ivins gave up practicing law when he was invited in 1916 to take charge of The Metropolitan Museum of Art's small collection of prints. In accepting, he became curator and founder of the museum's Prints Department and ultimately built the collection from its humble beginnings into one of the most impressive print holdings of any museum in the country. His Notes on Prints, published in 1930, became a respected guide for the modern study of prints. In 1932, he hired Hyatt Mayor-who was unknown at the time-to be his assistant curator and gently shaped him. Ivins eventually worked his way up the ranks to become director of the museum.

', 394 : '

Gertrude Käsebier (1852-1934)

Best known for her mother-and-child photographs, American photographer Gertrude Käsebier gained notoriety after serving as a judge at the 1899 Philadelphia Photographic Salon, a role that dramatically jumpstarted business at her New York portrait studio. Although she was primarily a commercial photographer, Alfred Stieglitz devoted his first issue of Camera Work to her in 1903. Käsebier is less known for her Native American portraits, which captured her subjects' individual personalities and avoided presenting stereotypical images.

', 395 : '

Phyliss Lambert (1927- )

Born in Winnipeg, Phyliss Lambert is a distinguished academic and philanthropist. Working with architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, she was influential in his two most successful skyscraper projects, the Seagram Building and the Toronto-Dominion Centre. In 1974, she began to form a vast photographic collection, which later became the basis of the photographic collection at the Canadian Centre for Architecture (CCA) in Montreal, a renowned international museum and research center that Lambert founded in 1979. Comprising[KO1] over 50,000 images and spanning the entire history of photography, it is one of the most outstanding photographic collections in the world. Subsequently, Lambert established a field of discourse that considered the relationships between photography and architecture, landscape and image, the city and its representation. As Director of the CCA, Lambert pioneered groundbreaking exhibitions beginning with Photography and Architecture: 1839-1939 in 1982.

', 396 : '

Gustave Le Gray (1820-1884)

A French painter-turned-photographer, Gustave Le Gray practiced daguerreotype and calotype photography. A master of photographic technique, he pioneered the paper negative and gave lessons to many emerging photographers including Maxime Du Camp and Léon de Laborde. Le Gray was one of just five photographers selected for Mission Héliographique, a government-sponsored project to document France's aging architecture to determine where restoration was most needed. He ultimately made over 600 negatives as part of that project.

', 397 : '

Maria Marshall (1966- )

Maria Marshall is known for her video works that feature children in troubling adult situations. She uses digital techniques to create psychologically charged works that question the viewers' preconceived notions of social norms, behaviors, and cause. Her works are a public dissection of her personal inquiries of motherhood. She has exhibited at the California College of the Arts in Oakland, Palais de Tokyo in Paris, and Centre pour l'Image Contemporaine in Geneva. Her work has also been included in the group shows Casino 2001 at the Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst in Ghent, Slow Motion at the Ludwig Forum in Aachen, Germany and The American Effect at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York. Marshall received a B.A. from the Wimbledon School of Art in London, and later studied sculpture at the Chelsea School of Art in London and the École des Beaux-Arts, Geneva.

', 398 : '

Hyatt Mayor (1901-1980)

Hyatt Mayor was the art curator of prints at The Metropolitan Museum of Art from 1946 until 1966, succeeding William Ivins and building on Ivins' important acquisitions of the first half of the century. Museum staff characterized Mayor's tenure as one of "filling in the valleys between Ivins' mountain-top masterworks." Mayor purchased less sought-after pieces from respected print collections of artists whose later reputations would validate his critical judgment. He broadened the collection to include all aspects of printing including wine labels, a fine collection of cigarette cards, and advertising print. Despite his footing in the art historical tradition, Mayor conceived of prints, ironically for a museum curator, as popular forms of communication. Prints and People: A Social History of Printed Pictures (1952) positioned graphics within the context of social communication. Mayor studied at Princeton Christ Church College, Oxford University (as a Rhodes Scholar) and the American School of Classical Studies. He taught art history at Vassar College and theatre at the School of the American Laboratory Theatre, both in New York, and contributed to the literary magazine Hound and Horn.

', 399 : '

John McKendry (1933-1975)

John McKendry was curator of prints at The Metropolitan Museum of Art from 1966 until 1975. He organized exhibitions of photographs by Paul Strand, Edward Weston, and Man Ray, among others. He was also in charge of The Met's Print Division centenary exhibition in 1970. McKendry is known for his discovery of Robert Mapplethorpe, and for providing him with his first camera. Mapplethorpe's portrait of McKendry was made only a day before McKendry's premature death. He has authored numerous books including 1968 Four Victorian Photographs, Robert Motherwell's a La Pintura: The Genesis of a Book, Helen Frankenthaler: 62 Painted Book Covers and Aesop: Five Centuries of Illustrated Fables. McKendry graduated from the University of Alberta and New York University's Institute of Fine Arts.

', 400 : '

Weston Naef (1942- )

Weston Naef has been curator of photographs at The Getty Museum since the establishment of its Photographic Department in 1984. He has authored over 30 books, with subjects including Alfred Stieglitz, Georgia O'Keefe, Eugene Atget, Andre Kertesz, Mary Ellen Mark, Carlton Watkins, Gustave le Gray, Paul Strand, Edward Weston, early Egyptian photography, pioneer photography of Brazil, and photography of the American West. Naef's reverence for photography is summarized by the landmark show in 2004 titled Photographers of Genius, which exhibited works by the most famous names in photography with unapologetic reverence.

', 401 : '

Georgia O'Keefe (1887-1986)

One of the most gifted artists of the 20th century, Georgia O'Keefe is most often associated with her stunning oil paintings of nature, particularly her close-up, erotic flower paintings and New Mexico landscapes and still lifes. O'Keefe's career got a boost when she met photographer and gallery owner Alfred Stieglitz, who became an ardent promoter of her work and eventually her husband. The two remained together for 20 years, during which time Stieglitz took many photographic portraits of O'Keefe.

', 402 : '

Paul Outerbridge, Jr. (1896-1958)

An American photographer who gained recognition for his innovative advertising work, Paul Outerbridge is known for his early experiments with color photography. He used the cabro-color process to meticulously control the hues of his photographs, for example. Outerbridge contributed regularly to Vogue, Vanity Fair, Harper's Bazaar, and other magazines. After 1930, he focused primarily on creating a series of erotic, fetishistic female nudes.

', 403 : '

Jacob Riis (1849-1914)

A Danish immigrant to the United States, Jacob Riis began his career as a court reporter for the New York Tribune and Evening Sun before taking up photography to expose the unhealthful living conditions of the poor, particularly immigrants. He did much of his work at night and used an open flash, sometimes inadvertently setting fire to the places he was photographing. His images of the squalor of New York's Lower East Side were published in How the Other Half Lives in 1890, which helped push through legislation that eventually improved the conditions he had so eloquently captured on film.

', 404 : '

Paul Sachs (1878-1965)

An investment businessman at Goldman Sachs (where his father was a partner), Paul Sachs was persuaded in 1914 to leave the profession to become assistant curator to Edward Forbes, his old Harvard classmate and the new director of the Fogg Art Museum. Together, Forbes and Sachs formed a team of fundraising, teaching, and museum development staff that set the standard for academic museum direction. In 1922, Sachs created the celebrated course in curatorship for Harvard graduate students, Museum Work and Museum Problems, and developed a program of museum education, developing what he termed the "connoisseur-scholar." One aspect included what was commonly called "the Print Course," a seminar-style analysis of prints and drawings drawn largely from Sachs' personal collection. Harvard awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1942. In 1945, Sachs and Forbes (the "mendicant Siamese twins") retired from the museum.

', 405 : '

Charles Sheeler (1883-1965)

Best known as a painter, Charles Sheeler took up photography primarily to earn a living. His sharply-focused urban and industrial photographs feature hard, flat, almost abstract forms and are devoid of any sign of life or motion. He coined the term "Precisionism" to describe his style, which influenced many photographers to follow. In 1920, he and fellow photographer Paul Strand made a short experimental film called Manhattan, which became one of the first American art films.

', 406 : '

Wolfgang Staehle (1950- )

Since the early 1990s, Wolfgang Staehle has worked almost exclusively as a collective artist. In 1991, he founded The Thing, an innovative online forum for artists and cultural workers. In 1996, he began to produce an ongoing series of live online video streams including Empire 24/7, a continuous live Web-broadcasted recording of the top of the Empire State Building. Berlin's Fernsehturm and the Comburg Monastery, both in Germany, received similar treatment. Staehle's name reached the mainstream when his month-long installation (Sept. 6- Oct. 6, 2001) at the Postmasters gallery in New York inadvertently recorded two planes colliding into the World Trade Center. He continues to serve as executive director of The Thing. Staehle attended the Freie Kunstschule, Stuttgart, and the School of Visual Arts, New York.

', 407 : '

John C. Waddell

In 1987, John Waddell's personal photograph collection-comprising 500 works of European and American photography made between the two World Wars-was acquired by The Metropolitan Museum of Art, thanks to a $2 million gift by Ford Motor Company. Now known as the Ford Motor Company Collection, it includes work by Berenice Abbott, Brassai, Walker Evans, Andre Kertesz, Man Ray, and Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, among others. The collection documents the urban, industrial, and psychological revolutions of the modern era. A graduate of Yale University and Harvard Business School, Waddell is vice chairman of the board at Arrow Electronics, where he previously served as director, executive vice president, CEO, and chairman. He is a member of both the Committee on Architecture and Design and the Committee on Photographs at The Met.

', 408 : '

Sam Wagstaff (1921-1987)

Sam Wagstaff, described as an urbane, visionary scholar, began collecting photography in 1973, before there was a recognized market for the medium, and amassed a vast collection. Educated at Yale and New York University's Institute of Fine Arts-where he studied Renaissance art-he was a curator at both the Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art and the Detroit Institute of Arts. Beginning in the early '70s, he was also a mentor, career-impresario, and partner of Robert Mapplethorpe. In 1984, his photography collection was sold to The Getty for $5 million.

', 409 : '

Paul Walter

An avid photography collector, Paul Walter was particularly interested in 19th century British and French photography. He accumulated a collection of 223 photographs including Julia Margaret Cameron's portrait of Sir John Herschel, exceptional Crimean War images by Roger Fenton, a group of calotypes by Scottish photographers David Octavius-Hill and Robert Adamson, and works by Gustave Le Gray and Charles Negre. His collection ultimately sold for over $2 million GBP at Sothebys, London in 2001. Walter is a trustee at the Museum of Modern Art and vice chairman of the MoMA Photography Committee.

', 410 : '

Benjamin Brecknell Turner (1815-1894)

Benjamin Brecknell Turner was a pioneer in photography using Talbot's calotype process starting in 1849. He is best known for his photographs of the English countryside. Beginning in 1852 he used the paper negative in combination with albumen positives on a large scale and used classical compositions to examine building types and rustic life. In 1854, he photographed the transfer of the Crystal Palace from central London to Sydenham Hill-important because of its subject matter and technical ambition. His work was shown at the Society of Arts and at the International Exhibition, both in London. He was a founding member of the London Photographic Society in 1854 and was also honorary secretary of the Photographic Exchange club.

', 411 : '

Colonel Alfred Capel-Cure

Colonel Alfred Capel-Cure, who flourished in the late 19th century, was most known for his photographs of medieval castles, monasteries, and churches that had been abandoned and were falling into ruin. Many of his photographs are of buildings that he owned or buildings that an educated man of romantic tastes would have sought out on his travels. Capel-Cure was one of many gentleman-amateurs who photographed Tintern Abbey, for example. Other subjects include informal portraits and romantic genre subjects.

', 412 : '

Colonel Alfred Capel-Cure

In detail, tonal range, and translation of color into black and white, Capel-Cure's work is greatly inferior to comparable pictures produced by modern processes, but it is precisely their sepia tones, soft outlines, and romantic mood that define them as pioneering and historically critical. Most of Capel-Cure's pictures were made by the calotype process, a process using paper negatives, which was already technically obsolete when he began using it in 1852.

', 413 : '

calotype

This early photographic process, which used paper coated with silver iodide, was discovered by William Henry Fox Talbot in 1840 by accident, but it revolutionized photography. Because the highly-sensitive paper allowed for dramatically reduced exposure times, living subjects could now be photographed. And because it was a negative-positive process, many copies of an image could be made. The calotype-also called the Talbotype-initially produced low-quality images and was used mostly by amateurs. Eventually, however, the process was improved and gained wider popularity.

', 414 : '

gentleman-amateur

The term "gentleman-amateur" refers to a Victorian era, upper-class male academically invested (and in some cases defining) emergent niches of science. Gentleman-amateur interests varied and included astronomy, chemistry, optics, and photography. By virtue of educational and social privilege, the gentleman-amateur of the 19th century was equipped to carry forth experiments in his chosen field and thus credited with many early discoveries. The gentlemen-amateur is associated with a pioneering spirit later ceded to larger institutions and academies, and is now a figure of nostalgia.

', 415 : '

Getty Research Institute

The Getty Research Institute-part of the renowned Getty Center located in Los Angeles-offers a rich array of art-related resources and activities for scholars and the general public. The institute comprises a Research Library boasting almost 900,000 books and periodicals, as well as Special Collections including rare books, prints, drawings, and audio and visual media. For those interested in photography, the center has a special Photo Study Collection of 2 million photographs from antiquity up through the modern era. The institute has a residential scholar program and also offers a rich selection of public programs including lectures, panel discussions, performances, and film screenings.

', 416 : '

The Gilman Collection

Comprising more than 8,500 photographs including important works of early British, French, and American photography and masterpieces from the early 20th century, the Gilman Paper Company Collection is widely considered the finest private photography collection ever assembled. It includes rare photographs by Gustave Le Gray, Henri Le Secq, Édouard Baldus, Nadar, and Eugène Atget, among other treasures. The collection was built by Howard Gilman, chairman of the paper company, with the help of his curator Pierre Apraxine beginning in 1977. It was acquired from the Howard Gilman Foundation by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2005.

', 417 : '

Photo-Secession

This photographer's movement formed in 1902 with the intent of forcing the art world to recognize photography "as a distinctive medium of individual expression." Alfred Stieglitz led the group which also included Edward Steichen, Gertrude Kasebier, Clarence White, and Alvin Langdon Coburn. Photo-Secession held its own exhibitions and published Camera Work, a meticulous and quality journal. The Photo-Secessionists used the pictorial style, arguing that art photography needed to emulate the painting and etching of the time. Photo-Secessionists valued purity and objectivity, practicing straight photography. Images were black and white or sepia-toned, and were not manipulated in the darkroom, aside from cropping.

', 418 : '

Phyliss Lambert (1927- )

Born in Winnipeg, Phyliss Lambert is a distinguished academic and philanthropist. Working with architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, she was influential in his two most successful skyscraper projects, the Seagram Building and the Toronto-Dominion Centre. In 1974, she began to form a vast photographic collection, which later became the basis of the photographic collection at the Canadian Centre for Architecture (CCA) in Montreal, a renowned international museum and research center that Lambert founded in 1979. Comprising over 50,000 images and spanning the entire history of photography, it is one of the most outstanding photographic collections in the world. Subsequently, Lambert established a field of discourse that considered the relationships between photography and architecture, landscape and image, the city and its representation. As Director of the CCA, Lambert pioneered groundbreaking exhibitions beginning with Photography and Architecture: 1839-1939 in 1982.

', 419 : 'Steichen and Stieglitz selected this photograph for inclusion in the International Exhibition of Pictorial Photography held at the Albright Art Gallery (now the Albright-Knox Art Gallery) in Buffalo, New York, in 1910. The exhibition of 600 photographs represented the capstone of Stieglitz's efforts to promote Pictorialist photography as a fine art.', 420 : 'Maria Morris Hambourg
Maria Morris Hambourg was curator in charge of the Department of Photographs at The Metropolitan Museum of Art from its inception in 1992 until 2004 and continues to consult to the museum. Her leadership brought international attention to The Met's photographic collection and enriched its holdings in 19th and 20th century works. By establishing a strong and supportive Visiting Committee of eminent collectors and scholars, Hambourg ushered in an authoritative curated exhibition program including The Waking Dream: Photography's First Century, Selections from the Gilman Paper Company Collection (1993); Nadar (1994-95); Hiroshi Sugimoto (1995-96); Paul Strand, Circa 1916 (1998); Earthly Bodies: Irving Penn's Nudes, 1949-50 (2002); and Richard Avedon: Portraits (2002-2003).

', 421 : '

Walker Evans (1903–1975)

An important documentary photographer whose career spanned 50 years, Walker Evans and captured scores of iconic images-a rural whiteboard church, the wife of a sharecropper and other scenes from the Great Depression-that are etched into the American psyche. His work was championed by The Museum of Modern Art in New York. He taught graphic arts at Yale University in the 1960s, influencing many students, and he was a talented writer of poems, fiction, criticism and essays (in English and in French). His photography is widely collected by top museums and private collectors. Evans' archive was acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1994.

', 422 : 'Maria Morris Hambourg
Maria Morris Hambourg was curator in charge of the Department of Photographs at The Metropolitan Museum of Art from its inception in 1992 until 2004 and continues to consult to the museum. Her leadership brought international attention to The Met's photographic collection and enriched its holdings in 19th and 20th century works. By establishing a strong and supportive Visiting Committee of eminent collectors and scholars, Hambourg ushered in an authoritative curated exhibition program including The Waking Dream: Photography's First Century, Selections from the Gilman Paper Company Collection (1993); Nadar (1994-95); Hiroshi Sugimoto (1995-96); Paul Strand, Circa 1916 (1998); Earthly Bodies: Irving Penn's Nudes, 1949-50 (2002); and Richard Avedon: Portraits (2002-2003).

', 423 : 'William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877)
William Henry Fox Talbot, who invented the positive/negative photographic process, is known as The Father of Modern Photography. A true Renaissance man who studied the classics at Cambridge, he had a variety of interests—he was a mathematician, a physicist, a botanist, a Biblical scholar, and a transcriber of ancient Syrian and Chaldean texts.

', 424 : 'Peter Bunnell
Peter Bunnell is a former McAlpin professor of the history of photography and modern art at Princeton University, the nation's first endowed professorship of the history of photography. During his 30 years at Princeton, he mentored a number of students, several of whom became respected curators at museums and galleries around the world, including Doug Nickel and Malcolm Daniel. Bunnell also served as the faculty curator of photography and was responsible for the Minor White Archive and the Clarence H. White Collection. Prior to joining Princeton in 1972, he was curator of photography at the Museum of Modern Art. A leading thinker in his field, Bunnell has written essays on numerous photographic topics, including collecting photography, portraiture, and large-format photography, as well as on specific photographers and galleries. He is also the author of Minor White: The Eye That Shapes and Degrees of Guidance, a collection of essays on 20th-century American photography.

', 425 : 'Clarence H. White (1871-1925)
Earning early accolades for his soft-focus photography, mainly of women and children, Clarence H. White did much to bridge the crevasse between pictorialist and modernist styles. He was a founding member of the Photo-Secession Movement was also a co-founder of the Pictorial Photographers of America. In 1914, he founded the C.H. White School of Photography, whose students would become some of the leading photographers of their generation.

', 426 : 'Minor White (1908-1976)
One of the most respected figures of his generation, Minor White focused his lens primarily on the natural world and is often associated with his textural photographs - images of rough bushes, a tree, cracks in a road, or frost crystals on glass. He was also an influential photography teacher, and in 1952 he co-founded the influential magazine Aperture with a group of fellow photography enthusiasts that included Ansel Adams, Dorothea Lange and Beaumont Newhall. For the last 11 years of his life, White taught at MIT, where he had tremendous influence on the university's photography department.

', 427 : '

Clarence H. White (1871-1925)

Earning early accolades for his soft-focus photography, mainly of women and children, Clarence H. White did much to bridge the crevasse between pictorialist and modernist styles. He was a founding member of the Photo-Secession Movement was also a co-founder of the Pictorial Photographers of America. In 1914, he founded the C.H. White School of Photography, whose students would become some of the leading photographers of their generation.

', 428 : 'Minor White (1908-1976)
One of the most respected figures of his generation, Minor White focused his lens primarily on the natural world and is often associated with his textural photographs-images of rough bushes, a tree, cracks in a road, or frost crystals on glass. He was also an influential photography teacher, and in 1952 he co-founded the influential magazine Aperture with a group of fellow photography enthusiasts that included Ansel Adams, Dorothea Lange and Beaumont Newhall For the last 11 years of his life, White taught at MIT, where he had tremendous influence on the university's photography department.

', 429 : 'John Waddell
Waddell is a graduate of Yale University (B.A) and the Harvard School of Business (M.B.A.). He is Vice Chairman of the Board at Arrow Electronics, previously serving as Director, Executive Vice-President, CEO and Chairman. Waddell is currently a member of the Committee on Architecture and Design of The Museum of Modern Art and the Committee on Photographs of the Metropolitan Museum of Modern Art. In 1987, Waddell’s personal photograph collection was acquired by the Metropolitan Museum thanks to a $2M gift by Ford Motor Co. Known as the Ford Motor Company Collection, it comprises 500 works of European and American photography made between the two World Wars. In the collection, Abbott, Brassai, Evans, Kertesz, Man Ray and Moholy-Nagy, Strand to name a few, document the urban, industrial and psychological revolutions of the modern era.

', 430 : 'Julia Margaret Cameron (1815-1879)
British photographer Julia Margaret Cameron began taking photos merely to pass the time while her husband was away but quickly showed true talent as a portrait photographer. She ran in lofty circles, and her male subjects - Robert Browning, Charles Darwin, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Alfred Tennyson - were some of the great intellectuals and artists of the day. She usually shot against a dark background, draping her models' bodies in dark cloth and carefully lighting them from one side, to dramatic effect. Though Cameron also photographed female celebrities, she tended to select them for their beauty rather than their accomplishments.

', 431 : 'Georgia O’Keeffe (1887–1986)
One of the most gifted artists of the 20th century, Georgia O’Keeffe is most often associated with her stunning oil paintings of nature, particularly her close-up, erotic flower paintings and New Mexico landscapes and still lifes. O’Keeffe’s career got a boost when she met photographer and gallery owner Alfred Stieglitz, who became an ardent promoter of her work and eventually her husband. The two remained together for 20 years, during which time Stieglitz took many photographic portraits of O’Keeffe.

', 432 : 'Paul Strand (1890– 1976)
A photographer and filmmaker, Paul Strand helped pioneer the modernist movement in photography. While he made soft-focus images early in his career, a visit to Alfred Stieglitz’s 291 Art Gallery, which featured the work of forward-thinking photographers and artists, caused him to alter his path. Inspired by the Cubist principles of Picasso and Cézanne in particular, Strand shifted to more abstract compositions including a study of cups, bowls, and fruit, and another of chair and porch rails. Stieglitz eventually promoted Strand's work in both his gallery and his publication Camera Work. In his later years, Strand traveled throughout Europe and Ghana, making several photography books.', 433 : 'Richard Avedon (1923-2004)
A leading fashion photographer, Richard Avedon revamped the genre by capturing his models' personalities on film to create arresting, theatrical images. Discovered by Alexey Brodovitch at Harper's Bazaar when he was just 22, Avedon worked for the magazine for 20 years, while also contributing to Life, Look, and other publications. In 1965 he joined Vogue, where he developed his signature style, shooting his subjects against a stark white backdrop. He produced several books, including Observations (celebrity portraits and images of Italian street life, with an essay by Truman Capote) and Nothing Personal (celebrity portraits and photographs of the mentally ill and prisoners). His work has been exhibited at the Smithsonian Institution, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Whitney Museum of American Art.

', 434 : 'Diane Arbus (1923-1971)
A documentary photographer best known for her intriguing images of people living on the fringes of society - carnival sideshow performers, nudists, religious zealots - Diane Arbus got to know many of her subjects and felt true affection for them. Curator John Szarkowski recognized Arbus' unique talent and gave her two shows at The Museum of Modern Art, in 1965 and 1967, further boosting her notoriety. In 1971, she became the first photographer to be included in the Venice Biennale a renowned art exhibition dating back to 1895.

', 435 : '

Gustave Le Gray (1820–1884)

A French painter-turned-photographer, Gustave Le Gray practiced daguerreotype and calotype photography. A master of photographic technique, he pioneered the paper negative and gave lessons to many emerging photographers including Maxime Du Camp and Léon de Laborde. Le Gray was one of just five photographers selected for Mission Héliographique, a government-sponsored project to document France’s aging architecture to determine where restoration was most needed. He ultimately made over 600 negatives as part of that project.

', 436 : '

Gustave Le Gray (1820–1884)

A French painter-turned-photographer, Gustave Le Gray practiced daguerreotype and calotype photography. A master of photographic technique, he pioneered the paper negative and gave lessons to many emerging photographers including Maxime Du Camp and Léon de Laborde. Le Gray was one of just five photographers selected for Mission Héliographique, a government-sponsored project to document France’s aging architecture to determine where restoration was most needed. He ultimately made over 600 negatives as part of that project.

', 437 : 'John Waddell
John Waddell is a graduate of Yale University (B.A) and the Harvard School of Business (M.B.A.). He is Vice Chairman of the Board at Arrow Electronics, previously serving as Director, Executive Vice-President, CEO and Chairman. Waddell is currently a member of the Committee on Architecture and Design of The Museum of Modern Art and the Committee on Photographs of the Metropolitan Museum of Modern Art. In 1987, Waddell’s personal photograph collection was acquired by the Metropolitan Museum thanks to a $2M gift by Ford Motor Co. Known as the Ford Motor Company Collection, it comprises 500 works of European and American photography made between the two World Wars. In the collection, Abbott, Brassai, Evans, Kertesz, Man Ray and Moholy-Nagy, Strand to name a few, document the urban, industrial and psychological revolutions of the modern era.
', 438 : 'Alfred Stieglitz (1864-1946)
One of the most influential figures in early 20th-century art and culture, Alfred Stieglitz founded an elite, avant-garde group of photographers called the Photo-Secession, who worked to have photography accepted as a fine art. Fascinated by the relationship between photography and the other arts, Stieglitz ran a gallery called Photo-Secession Gallery, known as the "29l," supporting modern artists like Cezanne and Picasso. He also produced the renowned photographic magazine Camera Work. His own photography included interesting images of the streets of New York, often taken in poor light and weather. He also made portraits of his second wife, the painter Georgia O'Keeffe.

', 439 : '

Edward Steichen (1879-1973)

One of the most important artistic figures of his time, Edward Steichen was originally a painter who burst onto the international photography scene by creating romantic pictorialist images. His pioneering work-which involved manipulating images and working creatively with filters-helped establish photography as a fine art. After Alfred Stieglitz bought some of his prints, the two became friends and Stieglitz promoted Steichen's work in his publication Camera Work. Steichen joined the advertising industry in 1923. He was instrumental in boosting the number of advertisements that used photography from 15 percent to 80 percent in just a decade. In 1947, Steichen became the director of photography for The Museum of Modern Art, where he organized The Family of Man in 1955, an exhibition of 503 photos that examined the universal themes of life, love, children, and death in 68 countries.

', 440 : '

Walker Evans (1903-1975)

', 441 : '

Jeff L. Rosenheim

Associate Curator in the Department of Photographs at Metropolitan Museum of Art. Since joining the Met in the late 1980's, Rosenheim has organized and collaborated on many major museum exhibitions including Sight Unseen: Selections from the Gilman Collection, Diane Arbus: Revelations and New Orleans after the Flood: Photographs by Robert Polidori.

Rosenheim has penned and co-authored many significant books and catalogs including Thomas Eakins and The Metropolitan Museum of Art. His major contributions to photographic literature are his studies of Walker Evans' oeuvre including Many Are Called, Walker Evans: Polaroids and Unclassified: A Walker Evans Anthology. He is two-time recipient of the Infinity Award for Best Photography Book of the Year (Diane Arbus: Revelations in 2003 and Unclassified: A Walker Evans Anthology in 2001). Rosenheim has taught in the Department of Art History and Archaeology at Columbia University and lectured around the world, on topics wide-ranging.

', 442 : '

Brenda Richardson

Independent curator, writer and editor. Richardson served as Deputy Director for Art and Curator of modern painting and sculpture at the Baltimore Museum of Art from 1975 to 1998. She curated many acclaimed shows including, Frank Stella: The Black Paintings (1976), the first ever retrospective of Gilbert & George (1984) and Anne Truitt: A Life in Art (1992). She has published consistently with focus on contemporary American artists - Andy Warhol, Willem de Kooning, Brice Marden, Sol LeWitt, John Waters, Barnett Newman, Bruce Nauman and Ellsworth Kelly. Richardson acted as a consultant on The Cone Sisters, a BBC documentary (2002). She was also co-editor of A Grand Design: The Art of the Victoria and Albert Museum (1997).

', 443 : '

Roger Taylor

Roger Taylor is Professor of Photographic History at De Montfort University, Leicester; and formerly Senior Curator of Photographs and Head of Research Development for the National Museum of Photography, Film and Television, Bradford. Roger Taylor was the recipient of the Lisette Model/Joseph G. Blum Fellowship in the History of Photography at the National Gallery of Canada (1998).

In 2007, he guest-curated Impressed By Light, an exhibition for the Metropolitan Museum in New York. He also co-authored the catalogue which featured "a groundbreaking examination of the artistic, social, and economic context of the British calotype." He is a leading authority on British Victorian Photography and the calotype process.

Taylor is the author of numerous books and journal articles, including Lewis Carroll Photographer: The Princeton Albums. Taylor's landmark project was Photographs Exhibited in Britain, 1839-1865, for which he published a book and developed a website database of over 20,000 photographic exhibits drawn from forty exhibition catalogues published between 1839-1865. It is the richest resource for material of that time.

', 444 : 'What is remarkable is not only the shamelessness of a Likud leader, himself a prominent Israeli lawyer, urging publicly that Israel find ways to violate commitments it is about to make to the Palestinians in a meeting to which the president of the United States is a party, but of the answer Shoval proposes:', 445 : 'Garry Winogrand (1928-1984)
An American photographer who captured the zeitgeist of an era with his 1960s street photographs, Garry Winogrand and began his career working for Collier's, Sports Illustrated, and other magazines. But feeling hemmed in by his editors' directives-and inspired by Walker Evans' book American Photographs-Winogrand eventually began to take a more artistic approach to his work, developing a style often characterized by grainy textures, tilted frames, and complex interactions between the subjects in his photos. Winogrand's work earned legitimacy thanks to noted curator John Szarkowski, who gave him exhibitions at The Museum of Modern Art. Today, his work can be found in many notable collections. A prolific photographer, Winogrand left more than 2,500 rolls of undeveloped film at the time of his death.

', 446 : 'Diane Arbus (1923-1971)
A documentary photographer best known for her intriguing images of people living on the fringes of society-carnival sideshow performers, nudists, religious zealots - Diane Arbus got to know many of her subjects and felt true affection for them. Curator John Szarkowski recognized Arbus' unique talent and gave her two shows at The Museum of Modern Art, in 1965 and 1967, further boosting her notoriety. In 1971, she became the first photographer to be included in the Venice Biennale, a renowned art exhibition dating back to 1895.

', 447 : 'Lewis Wickes Hine (1874–1940)
Self-taught photographer Lewis Wickes Hine started his career as an instructor in nature studies and the official photographer for the Ethical Culture School in New York. A trained sociologist, he ultimately turned his lens to social ills such as child labor. Hine added captions detailing the childrens’ ages, working conditions, and wages. While he eventually took on other projects - photographing construction of the Empire State Building, for example - he remains best known for his child labor photos.

', 448 : 'Jacob Riis (1849–1914)
A Danish immigrant to the United States, Jacob Riis began his career as a court reporter for the New York Tribune and Evening Sun before taking up photography to expose the unhealthful living conditions of the poor, particularly immigrants. He did much of his work at night and used an open flash, sometimes inadvertently setting fire to the places he was photographing. His images of the squalor of New York’s lower East Side were published in How the Other Half Lives in 1890, which helped push through legislation that eventually improved the conditions he had so eloquently captured on film.

', 449 : 'John Szarkowski (born 1925)
John Szarkowski was an influential photography curator, historian, and critic, and was a respected photographer in his own right. He was the director of photography at The Museum of Modern Art from 1962 until 1991, during which time he produced 160 exhibitions. He elevated the careers of many visionary photographers of his time, including Diane Arbus, Lee Friedlander and Garry Winogrand. He also wrote numerous books, including the classic Looking at Photographs: 100 Pictures from the Collection of the Museum of Modern Art, a series of examples on how to think about photography.

', 450 : 'Dorothea Lange (1895–1965)
Documentary photographer Dorothea Lange is best known for Migrant Mother and other sometimes heart-wrenching photographs of the poor - especially destitute farm families - taken for the Farm Security Administration during the Great Depression. She later documented internment of Japanese Americans and the founding of the United Nations for the Office of War Information, and she produced photographic essays on Egypt, Ireland, and Asia for Life magazine.

', 451 : 'Vicki Goldberg
Vicki Goldberg, one of the leading voices in the field of photography criticism, is well known for her cogent and perceptive writing, which is regularly featured in such national publications as the New York Times, American Photographer, and Vanity Fair. She has authored and co-authored over a dozen books, including American Photography: A Century of Images; The Power of Photography: How Photographs Changed Our Lives; Margaret Bourke-White: A Biography; A Nation of Strangers; Photography in Print: Writings from 1816 to the Present; Louise Dahl-Wolfe; and Lewis W. Hine. Goldberg’s remarkable oeuvre is captured in Light Matters: Writings on Photography (Aperture) - a selection of essays and criticism, culled from her writings published over the past twenty-five years.

', 452 : 'Josef Koudelka (1938)
In 1961 Koudelka was photographing gypsies in Czechoslovakia and theater in Prague. He turned full-time to photography in 1967. The following year, Koudelka photographed the Soviet invasion of Prague, publishing his photographs under the initials P. P. (Prague Photographer) for fear of reprisal to him and his family. In 1969, he was anonymously awarded the Overseas Press Club's Robert Capa Gold Medal for those photographs.

Koudelka left Czechoslovakia for political asylum in 1970. In 1975, he brought out his first book Gypsies, and in 1988, Exiles. Since 1986, he has worked with a panoramic camera and issued a compilation of these photographs in his book Chaos in 1999.

He has won significant awards such as the Prix Nadar (1978), a Grand Prix National de la Photographie (1989), and a Grand Prix Cartier-Bresson (1991). Significant exhibitions of his work have been held at the Museum of Modern Art and the International Center of Photography, New York; the Stedelijk Museum of Modern Art, Amsterdam; and the Palais de Tokyo, Paris.

Source: Magnum Photos', 453 : 'Weegee (1899-1968)
The Austrian-born American photographer Weegee (Arthur Fellig) got his start as a freelance police beat photographer, capturing images of gangsters in the slums of New York. He lived behind a police station and often made it to the crime scene before the police arrived. (Observers credited him with having a sixth sense, like a Ouija board, earning him his nickname.) He eventually began photographing movie stars, including Marilyn Monroe, Marlene Dietrich, and Gregory Peck, often using kaleidoscopic lenses and mirrors to manipulate the images. The main character in the film The Public Eye, starring Joe Pesci, was based on Weegee.

', 454 : 'Man Ray (1890-1976)
A pioneering avant-garde painter, sculptor, and art and fashion photographer, May Ray became ame known in the photography world for his cameraless, Dada-inspired images, called Rayographs. He circulated among the top artists and thinkers in Paris throughout the 1920s and 1930s, photographing many of them including Ernest Hemingway, Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dali, and Kiki (his companion, muse, and model). A central figure in the surrealist movement, Man Ray experimented with various artistic techniques, including overexposure, to create images with an otherworldly quality.

', 455 : 'Henri Cartier-Bresson (1908-2004)
One of the greatest photographers of his time, Henri Cartier-Bresson was among the first photographers to use the new (at the time), smaller, 35mm camera, whose speed and mobility he loved. The father of modern photojournalism, he was known for recognizing "the decisive moment" to shoot. He took many iconic photos, and his candid "street photography" style influenced scores of photographers who followed. Cartier-Bresson's career took him across the United States and Europe, as well as to China, India, and Russia. Several volumes of his photographs have been published, and in 1960, a 400-print exhibition of his work toured the United States. He was one of the founders of Magnum, the prestigious picture agency in New York, London, Paris, and Tokyo. The Foundation Henri Cartier-Bresson-which the photographer created with his wife, Martine Franck, and their daughter to preserve and share his legacy-was the first of its kind in France. Cartier-Bresson was also a painter.

', 456 : 'Richard Avedon (1923-2004)
A leading fashion photographer, Richard Avedon revamped the genre by capturing his models' personalities on film to create arresting, theatrical images. Discovered by Alexey Brodovitch at Harper's Bazaar when he was just 22, Avedon worked for the magazine for 20 years, while also contributing to Life, Look, and other publications. In 1965 he joined Vogue, where he developed his signature style, shooting his subjects against a stark white backdrop. He produced several books, including Observations (celebrity portraits and images of Italian street life, with an essay by Truman Capote) and Nothing Personal (celebrity portraits and photographs of the mentally ill and prisoners). His work has been exhibited at the Smithsonian Institution, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Whitney Museum of American Art.

', 457 : 'Edward Weston (1886-1958)
Influential American photographer known for his interpretive eye and superbly printed photographs, Edward Weston's initial style was soft-focused and pictorialist. However, after joining the London Salon in 1917-and meeting Alfred Stieglitz and Paul Strand a few years later-he began shooting his subjects in sharp focus and emphasizing more abstract forms. After a stint in Mexico City, he moved to California and began the work for which he would become renowned-landscapes, nudes, and exquisite still lifes of objects such as shells and vegetables. (He eventually burned most of his early negatives, wanting to be remembered for his later work.) Along with Ansel Adams, Weston helped form the famous Group f/64 in 1932, and was the first photographer to receive a Guggenheim Fellowship.

', 458 : 'Ansel Adams (1902-1984)
Ansel Adams' first ambition was to become a concert pianist, and many urged him not to give it up for photography. But he was an ardent conservationist who fell in love with nature, particularly the Yosemite Sierra, and he ultimately became famous for his signature black-and-white Western landscapes, photographed in different seasons to show nature's changing patterns. He won three Guggenheim grants to photograph national parks. A believer in "straight photography," he founded the antipictorialist Group f/64 with Edward Weston in 1932. Adams also developed the Zone System, an exposure technique for black-and-white photography that allows photographers to control the tonal range in a negative, giving them more control over finished photographs. Though known for his landscapes, he also did commercial portraits and documentary work.

', 459 : 'Paul J. Sachs (1878-1965)
An investment businessman at Goldman Sachs (where his father was a partner), Paul Sachs was persuaded in 1914 to leave the profession to become assistant curator to Edward Forbes, his old Harvard classmate and the new director of the Fogg Art Museum. Together, Forbes and Sachs formed a team of fundraising, teaching and museum development staff that set the standard for academic museum direction. In 1922, Sachs created the celebrated course in curatorship for Harvard graduate students, “Museum Work and Museum Problems”, and developed a program of museum education, developing what he termed the "connoisseur-scholar." One aspect included what was commonly called "The Print Course," a seminar-style analysis of prints and drawings drawn largely from Sachs' personal collection. Harvard awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1942. In 1945, Sachs and Forbes (the "mendicant Siamese twins") retired from the museum.', 460 : '

Robert Capa (1913-1954)

War photographer and Magnum founding member. Born Andrei Friedmann in Budapest. From 1931, he worked as a darkroom apprentice in Berlin and took photographs on the side. When the Nazis rose to power, Friedmann relocated to Paris. He struggled as a freelance journalist, so set up an association, selling the photographs of a fictitious American photographer named “Robert Capa”. Friedmann quickly became his pseudonym Capa gaining fame virtually overnight for his remarkable picture Death of a Loyalist Soldier. He covered the Spanish war until its end in early 1939. During WWII he worked for Colliers and Life. In 1942 he was assigned to North Africa; and in 1943 to Sicily. On June 6th 1944, Capa was part of the D-Day landings on Omaha Beach.

In 1947, Capa with Henri Cartier-Bresson, David "Chim" Seymour, George Rodger and Bill Vandivert established Magnum Photos. Capa became an international businessman, selling and promoting the work of Magnum photographers. The Magnum group did a series on international family life called People Are People the World Over," a photographic forerunner of the "Family of Man." In 1954, Life needed a photographer on the Indochina front. Capa volunteered. On May 25, 1954, he stepped on a land mine. He died clutching his camera. In his memory, The Overseas Press Club established the Robert Capa Gold Medal Award "for superlative photography requiring exceptional courage and enterprise abroad."

', 461 : '

James Nachtwey (1948 - )
Studied Art History and Political Science at Dartmouth (1970). He has worked in the Merchant Marine, as an apprentice news film editor and as a truck driver while teaching himself photography. In 1976 he started work as a photographer for the Albuquerque Journal in New Mexico, and in 1980, he moved to New York to begin a career as a freelance magazine photographer. His first foreign assignment was to cover civil strife in Northern Ireland in 1981 during the IRA hunger strike. Since then, Nachtwey has devoted himself to documenting wars, conflicts and critical social issues. Nachtwey has been a Time photographer since 1984. He was associated with the Black Star photo agency from 1980 - 1985 and was a member of Magnum from 1986 until 2001. In 2001, he became one of the founding members of the VII Photo Agency.

He has received numerous awards - Robert Capa Gold Medal Award; World Press Photo Award; Magazine Photographer of the Year; International Center of Photography Infinity Award; Leica Award; Bayeaux Award for War Correspondents; and the W. Eugene Smith Memorial Grant in Humanistic Photography. He is a fellow of the Royal Photographic Society and has an Honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts from the Massachusetts College of Arts. In 2007, he was a TED Prize recipient.

', 462 : 'Ben Shahn (1898 - 1969)
Painter, muralist, social activist, photographer and teacher. Shahn trained as a typographer. In 1933 he served as an assistant to Diego Rivera while Rivera executed Man at the Crossroads, a.k.a. the Rockefeller Center Mural. Shahn played a role in fanning the controversy by circulating the workers’ petition. In 1934 he joined the Public Works of Art Project and completed several public murals that dealt with issues such as anti-semitism and poor working conditions. Shahn was recommended by Walker Evans to Roy Stryker to join the photographic group at the Farm Security Administration working for them from 1935-1938. During the Second World War, Shahn produced posters for the Office of War Information and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).

', 463 : 'Eve Arnold (1912 - )
American photojournalist and the first female member of Magnum. In 1946, Arnold worked for a photo-finishing plant in New York City. She briefly learned photographic skills in 1948 from Harper's Bazaar art director, Alexei Brodovitch. Arnold is best known for her familiar images of actress Marilyn Monroe on the set of Monroe's last film, The Misfits, (1961). Arnold had in fact photographed Monroe since 1951 and Monroe trusted Arnold more than any other photographer. Arnold photographed Queen Elizabeth II, Malcolm X, Joan Crawford, Richard Nixon, Joseph McCarthy and General Eisenhower. She also did a series of portraits of American Presidents' wives. In 1980, the Brooklyn Museum, New York, showed her first solo exhibition which featured her photographic work from China. In 1995, she was made a Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society and was elected "Master Photographer" by the International Center of Photography in New York.

', 464 : 'Thomas Dworzak (1972 - )
Magnum Photographer of war, conflict and aftermath. German-born Dworzak photographed conflicts in Chechnya, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Abkhazia from 1993-1998. He continues to cover the Caucasus and its people. In 1999 he covered the Kosovo crisis. Following the fall of Grozny in 2000, he started work on a project about the impact of the war in Chechnya on the neighboring North Caucasus. Since then he has also covered events in Israel, Macedonia, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Dworzak contributes to the New Yorker, Newsweek, U.S. News & World Report, Paris Match, and the New York Times Magazine. He has won awards, including the World Press Spot News Story Award, Prix Bayeux, Prix Kodak, Kodak Young Photographer of the Year. His work has been exhibited in the Musee de l'Elysee, Leica Gallery and Visa pour l'Image.

', 465 : 'Gordon Parks (1912–2006)
Self-taught photographer, Gordon Parks did freelance fashion work before becoming a documentary photojournalist for the Farm Security Administration and the Office of War Information. In 1948, he became the first African-American staff photographer at Life magazine, where he chronicled social inequity in the U.S. and around the world. One of his most iconic images, American Gothic - of an African-American cleaning woman standing before an American flag - was taken just after Parks was denied service at a clothing store, a restaurant, and a movie theater. Parks also produced powerful portraits for Life of notables such as Malcolm X and Duke Ellington. In addition to being a photographer, he was a writer and composer, as well as a filmmaker, directing movies such as The Learning Tree, Shaft, and Leadbelly.

', 466 : 'Edward Steichen (1879-1973)
One of the most important artistic figures of his time, Edward Steichen was originally a painter who burst onto the international photography scene by creating romantic pictorialist images. His pioneering work-which involved manipulating images and working creatively with filters-helped establish photography as a fine art. After Alfred Stieglitz bought some of his prints, the two became friends and Stieglitz promoted Steichen's work in his publication Camera Work. Steichen joined the advertising industry in 1923. He was instrumental in boosting the number of advertisements that used photography from 15 percent to 80 percent in just a decade. In 1947, Steichen became the director of photography for the Museum of Modern Art, where he organized The Family of Man in 1955, an exhibition of 503 photos that examined the universal themes of life, love, children, and death in 68 countries.

', 467 : '

Roy Emerson Stryker (1893–1975)

A student of agricultural economics at Columbia University, Roy Stryker eventually became a photo researcher there. In 1935, he relocated to Washington D.C. to create the Historical Section of what would become the Farm Security Administration and the Office of War Information. During his time as a government archivist, he recruited up-and-coming photographers such as Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange, and Gordon Parks to document the Great Depression. Stryker also headed the Pittsburgh Photographic Library for a short time.

', 468 : 'Harold Corsini (1919 - )
FSA Photographer. Corsini began his career as a freelance photographer in New York. He was an assistant to Arnold Eagle as a photography teacher for the National Youth Administration. In 1938, Corsini joined the Photo League. He was fascinated by the work of the Farm Security Administration and wanted to be practice its same documentary style. In 1943, Harold Corsini was assigned to the Standard Oil Documentary Project (directed by Roy Stryker) where he worked for longer than any other photographer. In 1950, he accompanied Stryker to Pittsburgh and assisted him as head of the photographic department at the Pittsburgh Photographic Library. Corsini taught at the Carnegie-Mellon University for nine years, and provided the photographs for the book Carnegie-Mellon Walking Tour published by Don Hale in 1983.

', 469 : 'In the annals of social history, the Murphys' party rates almost as high as the Rousseau banquet in 1908. Stravinsky switched the place cards; Gontcharova read palms; Marcelle Meyer played Scarlatti; and, as usual, Cocteau tried to steal the show.... As dawn broke, Kochno and Ansermet (the conductor of Les Noces) took down the gigantic laurel wreath, inscribed "Les Noces—Hommages," which Sara had put in the main saloon, and held it like a hoop for Stravinsky to take a running jump through.
', 470 : '

Photogravure is a process for reproducing a photograph in large editions. It uses gelatin to transfer the image from a black and white negative to a copper printing plate. The gelatin carries the image because it hardens in proportion to its exposure to light. Areas of the gelatin not exposed stay soft and can be dissolved away in water. What remains is a gelatin version of the image which is then pressed onto a copper plate. The plate is placed in an acid bath. Where the gelatin is thick, the acid eats the metal away slowly, where the gelatin is thin or absent, the acid eats faster. Thus the plate is etched to different depths according to the tones of the original image. When inked for printing, the varying depths hold different amounts of ink. Malcolm Daniel penned this paper about the Early Photogravure in 19th century France.

', 471 : '

Jeff L. Rosenheim

An email from Jane Fulton Alt - November 4, 2005

This email was sent by Jane Fulton Alt after she first arrived in New Orleans to her close friends and family.

hi all,

So here I am and wondering how and why I got here. went to the lower 9th district in New Orleans..the worst hit by the storm.

i felt like i was in a war zone.

some of the military here said it felt and looked just like what they experienced in iraq only worse because there is no way these residents could ever return... how to get your mind around it all. words fail me... it is grey, desolate, strange, with refrigerators sitting on the roof tops, houses that have turned on their sides, migrated across streets, cars trapped under homes..... There is a street intersection called Flood and Law.

I went on 4 bus rides through the devastation yesterday. The first was with the relief team I am on...they took us to the actual spot where the levee broke...for 3 whole blocks next to the levee nothing but an expanse of grey nothingness...

The ground all over the area is grey, cracked, dry, mud...nothing is living with the exception of an occasional cat, dog or rooster. The rescue teams that are still going in are leaving big trays of dog and cat food for the remaining pets. There are still using the "cadaver canines" in their searches.

i felt sick to my stomach after the first viewing. As the day progressed, I went on 3 other trips with the former residents on a "look and leave" program. They return to a site (with porta potties, no tents o electricity). There is a red cross, salvation army, sisters of mercy mobile medical clinic and national guard presence. There are folding tables where the residents can sign in to go on a bus. Several relief workers go on the bus to "be there" for the residents. People traveled as far as Indiana to see their homes. For many, they have one day here as they have no place to spend the night in New Orleans...except in their cars. So this is their first viewing. It was like attending a funeral. This community was very tight with many families having lived there for 5 generations. I would hear about Aunt Bessie’s house, grandmas house, that was were my aunt lived, our church, the laundromat....where is the house that used to be here...many homes were lifted and moved whole blocks away before put to their final resting place. As the structures have dried out, they have become unstable with many collapsing from day to day. One woman I was sitting next to kept repeating how she thought she was in a nightmare and hoped she would wake up. She started singing to herself...the probable beginnings of many new spiritual/gospel songs to come. On seeing her family home she said "look how tall she is standing." The bus drivers try to accommodate each resident but there are some streets that are blocked with debris and displaced homes. There is a lot of confusion. The drivers want each resident to be able to see and photograph their homes but the police often trail the bus to be sure they stay on route (although yesterday was an exception because the police were too busy with Prince Charles's visit to the area). Anyway, because of the physical dangers, the residents are not supposed to get off the bus, much less walk up to their homes...this rule gets bent a lot depending on the driver.

By the end of the day, I had a headache. I found out at our team meeting that many of us had one. It is difficult to know if it was from eye strain or the air quality which is terrible. There is a lot of mold in the air which is another reason they want the residents to stay on the buses.

I know I am rambling but please bear with me. I feel like I am in the eye of the storm although I know this area is very different than it was 2 months ago. So many stories...from a young man in the national guard who stayed in the Superdome, to the resident across the street who spent 4 nights living in terror as he heard the looters going from home to home with their guns...with no electricity or city noise, one could hear and feel everything acutely....he said he can deal with the disasters of nature but when humankind shows its brutal side it is beyond his scope of understanding.

so much for now...it is in the wee hours of the morning and I need to prepare for my second day here.

much love,

jane

', 473 : '

Jane Fulton Alt is an American photographer who explores universal issues of humanity, reflecting her interest in the mysteries of life and the nonmaterial world. Her photographs ask us to consider issues of love, loss and spirituality. She is also a clinical social worker who has been in practice since the 1970s.

In New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina, Fulton Alt bridged her two professions when she accompanied residents of the Lower Ninth Ward to examine the damage to their houses as part of the "Look and Leave" program organized by the City of New Orleans and the American Red Cross. Her exhibition at the DePaul University Art Museum, Look and Leave: New Orleans in the Wake of Katrina, was recognized by Newcity Magazine Chicago as one of the top five photography museum shows in Chicago in 2006. Her work is published in the books Katrina Exposed, New Orleans: The Making of an Urban Landscape and American Tragedy: New Orleans Under Water. She has also been featured on National Public Radio in relation to her work in New Orleans.

Fulton Alt has exhibited extensively, both nationally and internationally. Her work has been widely published and featured on several book covers. She has received numerous awards, and her work can be found in the permanent collections of the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston; the New Orleans Museum of Art; Beinecke Library at Yale University; the University of Illinois Comer Archive; Centro Fotografico Alvarez Bravo in Oaxaca, Mexico; the Center for Photography at Woodstock; the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center; the De Paul University Art Museum; Wilmette (Illinois) Public Library, and the Dancing Bear Collection of William Hunt. She is the recipient of the 2007 Illinois Arts Council Fellowship Award and the 2007 Ragdale Foundation Fellowship Award.

Fulton Alt attended the University of Michigan (B.A.), the University of Chicago (M.A.), Columbia College, and the Art Institute of Chicago. She resides in Evanston, Illinois, with her husband.

', 474 : '

An email from Jane Fulton Alt - November 4, 2005

This email was sent by Jane Fulton Alt to her close friends and family upon arriving in New Orleans.

hi all,

So here I am and wondering how and why I got here. went to the lower 9th district in New Orleans..the worst hit by the storm.

i felt like i was in a war zone.

some of the military here said it felt and looked just like what they experienced in iraq only worse because there is no way these residents could ever return... how to get your mind around it all. words fail me... it is grey, desolate, strange, with refrigerators sitting on the roof tops, houses that have turned on their sides, migrated across streets, cars trapped under homes..... There is a street intersection called Flood and Law.

I went on 4 bus rides through the devastation yesterday. The first was with the relief team I am on...they took us to the actual spot where the levee broke...for 3 whole blocks next to the levee nothing but an expanse of grey nothingness...

The ground all over the area is grey, cracked, dry, mud...nothing is living with the exception of an occasional cat, dog or rooster. The rescue teams that are still going in are leaving big trays of dog and cat food for the remaining pets. There are still using the "cadaver canines" in their searches.

i felt sick to my stomach after the first viewing. As the day progressed, I went on 3 other trips with the former residents on a "look and leave" program. They return to a site (with porta potties, no tents o electricity). There is a red cross, salvation army, sisters of mercy mobile medical clinic and national guard presence. There are folding tables where the residents can sign in to go on a bus. Several relief workers go on the bus to "be there" for the residents. People traveled as far as Indiana to see their homes. For many, they have one day here as they have no place to spend the night in New Orleans...except in their cars. So this is their first viewing. It was like attending a funeral. This community was very tight with many families having lived there for 5 generations. I would hear about Aunt Bessie’s house, grandmas house, that was were my aunt lived, our church, the laundromat....where is the house that used to be here...many homes were lifted and moved whole blocks away before put to their final resting place. As the structures have dried out, they have become unstable with many collapsing from day to day.

One woman I was sitting next to kept repeating how she thought she was in a nightmare and hoped she would wake up. She started singing to herself...the probable beginnings of many new spiritual/gospel songs to come. On seeing her family home she said "look how tall she is standing." The bus drivers try to accommodate each resident but there are some streets that are blocked with debris and displaced homes. There is a lot of confusion. The drivers want each resident to be able to see and photograph their homes but the police often trail the bus to be sure they stay on route (although yesterday was an exception because the police were too busy with Prince Charles's visit to the area). Anyway, because of the physical dangers, the residents are not supposed to get off the bus, much less walk up to their homes...this rule gets bent a lot depending on the driver.

By the end of the day, I had a headache. I found out at our team meeting that many of us had one. It is difficult to know if it was from eye strain or the air quality which is terrible. There is a lot of mold in the air which is another reason they want the residents to stay on the buses.

I know I am rambling but please bear with me. I feel like I am in the eye of the storm although I know this area is very different than it was 2 months ago. So many stories...from a young man in the national guard who stayed in the Superdome, to the resident across the street who spent 4 nights living in terror as he heard the looters going from home to home with their guns...with no electricity or city noise, one could hear and feel everything acutely....he said he can deal with the disasters of nature but when humankind shows its brutal side it is beyond his scope of understanding.

so much for now...it is in the wee hours of the morning and I need to prepare for my second day here.

much love,

jane

', 475 : '

John Baldessari

Throughout his prolific career, John Baldessari (born 1931) has approached his art through adamantly non-traditional paths. Since the late 1960s, Baldessari has combined snapshots that he takes himself or images from popular culture to make large-scale works. Through surprising juxtapositions, image manipulation, and the use of directive titles or language in the work of art itself, Baldessari continually questions issues of perception and what may be acceptable as 'art.'

Baldessari's work can be broadly defined as belonging to an international "school" of conceptual artists whose works first came to prominence in the 1960s. In conceptual art, the idea that precedes the act of making the object is as important, or more important, than the object itself. With humor and irony Baldessari conveys his constantly evolving ideas. In the mid-1980s, he blocked the faces with colored circles to make celebrities anonymous, rendering them mere "suits." In his most recent series, he uses fragments of facial close-ups and colors them selectively, reinventing their appearances in each successive piece.

His most recent retrospective monograph is John Baldessari: A Different Kind of Order, (Works 1962-1984), 2005 published by the Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien.

', 480 : '

Carolyn Cole

Working for the Los Angeles Times since 1994, Carolyn Cole's photographs of many of the world's armed conflicts convey harsh realities far removed from the illusions of Hollywood. Cole (born 1961) won the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography in 2004 for her coverage of the siege of Monrovia, the capital of Liberia.

For nearly two decades, Cole has covered war, starvation, and brutality in the Middle East, Haiti, Kosovo, and Afghanistan. Like other conflict photographers, she has repeatedly placed herself in situations of danger to report on issues that she believes must be covered. In 2002 she earned her first nomination for the Pulitzer Prize for her coverage of a group of Palestinian gunmen who entered the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem as they fled Israeli forces, setting off a standoff that lasted for 39 days. Cole joined a group of peace activists who entered the church in solidarity with the Palestinians and filed several stories from inside the conflict.

', 481 : 'Greg Gorman', 482 : '

Greg Gorman

For four decades, Greg Gorman (born 1949) has photographed celebrities in his signature black and white style. "For me a photograph is most successful when it doesn't answer all the questions, and it leaves something to be desired." From Bette Davis and Leonardo DiCaprio to David Hockney and Philip Johnson, the exquisite tonal range of Gorman's photographs invite viewers to look closer, to share a moment of intimacy and deeply felt humanity.

Chance changed the course of Gorman's life. "I borrowed a friend's camera in 1968 to photograph a rock concert in Kansas City, my hometown. The next morning I processed the pictures in a friend's darkroom, and when I saw them coming up in the developer, I was hooked." Gorman photographed the sixties rock movement, before earning a Masters in Cinematography from USC. In the 1970s, he began to photograph the new generation of actors, many of whom went on to become world famous. He further expanded his photographic interests to include music videos, advertising, documentaries, and nudes.

Gorman's recent monograph, The Odes to Pindar, a limited edition of 11 platinum prints, was published in 2007.

', 483 : 'Greg Gorman
', 484 : '', 500 : '

Usain St. Leo Bolt, OJ, C.D.

', 501 : 'Greg Gorman

Greg Gorman (born 1949, Kansas) is famous for his photographs of stage, film and music personalities such as Sophia Loren, Al Pacino and Michael Jackson. Greg’s career began when his passions for rock and roll and photography fused. In the late sixties he shot many concerts including Jimi Hendrix in 1968.

In 1996, Rozzoli International published Inside Life, a retrospective of Mr. Gorman's work from 1968-1996.

Greg’s work has appeared in national magazines including Esquire, GQ, Interview, Life, Vogue, Newsweek, Rolling Stone, Time and Vanity Fair.', 502 : 'Douglas Kirkland

Douglas Kirkland (born 1934, Toronto, Canada) is a photojournalist and fashion photographer, known first and foremost for his iconic celebrity portraits. He has photographed Mick Jagger, Morgan Freeman, Orson Welles, Andy Warhol, Oliver Stone, Marlene Dietrich, Brigitte Bardot, Judy Garland, Elizabeth Taylor and Sophia Loren. He’s also made portraits of Stephen King and photographers Man Ray & Jacques Henri Lartigue.

Douglas began working for Look Magazine in the late fifties, and later Life Magazine during the golden age of 60’s/70’s photojournalism. He worked on the sets of over one hundred motion pictures. His books include “Light Years”, “Icons”, “Legends”, “Body Stories”, “An Evening With Marilyn”, and “Freeze Frame”, a 50-year behind the scenes survey of the entertainment industry. Freeze Frame is now in the permanent collection of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

Douglas’ work is in the permanent collections of the Smithsonian, the National Portrait Gallery in Canberra Australia, the Eastman House in Rochester and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Los Angeles. His portrait of Charlie Chaplin is at the National Portrait Gallery in London.

Kirkland was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award by the American Society of Cinematographers ASOC and a Lucie Award for Outstanding Achievement in Entertainment Photography. Douglas holds an Honorary Master of Fine Arts Degree from Brooks Institute.', 485 : '

Lauren Greenfield

Widely acclaimed for her intimate studies of youth culture, Lauren Greenfield's photographs probe the darker side of the idealized worlds of stardom and celebrity. Greenfield (born 1966) established the subject matter that has remained her primary focus with her landmark 1997 book, Fast Forward: Growing up in the Shadow of Hollywood, which focuses on young girls and the sub-cultures that spring from the influence of Hollywood and the recording industry. In Girl Culture, published in 2002, she documented girls' obsessions with shopping, parties, cosmetics, hair styles, body image, and rites of passage.

Greenfield's work provides an important counterpoint to the celebrity photographs of Douglas Kirkland and Greg Gorman, bursting the illusions that Hollywood is so successful in conveying. In addition to her photographic essays, Greenfield has produced two documentary films, Thin and kids plus money. The latter two projects extend her attention to media's effects on boys and adults as well as girls.

Greenfield's most recent monograph, Thin, published in 2006, is an extension of her previous work on the cult of image. She intimately documents patients at an eating disorder clinic, examining the point at which an obsession with body image becomes a pathology of mental illness.

', 486 : '

Lawrence Ho

Lawrence K. Ho, born in Canton, China in 1950, immigrated to the United States in 1972. He earned a B.A. degree in Communications from Long Beach State University in California, and began his career as a photojournalist at the Herald Community News. In 1986, he joined the photography staff of the Los Angeles Times, and won the Pulitzer Prize for their coverage of 1992 Los Angeles Riots and the 1994 Northridge earthquake. He lives with his wife and two sons in Los Angeles.

', 487 : '

Douglas Kirkland

For five decades, Douglas Kirkland (born 1934) has photographed celebrities and fashion. His lifelong love affair with the camera, whether still or motion pictures, has been applauded with the most prestigious awards the industry can bestow, including several for lifetime achievement.

In a highly competitive field, Kirkland credits his success to his ability to maintain "eye contact" with clients who are very protective of how they are portrayed. "When someone comes in for a portrait session, it takes two. It's not only about me taking the picture." Just before he turned 25, Kirkland joined the staff of Look magazine. Less than three years later he found himself world famous for the sensuous photographs of Marilyn Monroe he had taken for the magazine's 25th anniversary issue.

Besides Kirkland's portraits of the rich, famous, and influential-from Charlie Chaplin to Arnold Schwarzenegger and Coco Chanel-he is also known for his work as a set photographer, having worked on more than one hundred films, most recently Australia. His book of photographs from Titanic made the best seller list.

Kirkland's recent monograph, Freeze Frame: 5 Decades / 50 Years / 500 Photographs, was published in 2008.

', 488 : '

Kirk McKoy

Kirk D. McKoy (born 1957) is the Senior Features Photo Editor and Deputy for the Los Angeles Times. He has been a photojournalist for over 28 years, and is a two time Pulitzer Prize winner, for his work covering the Los Angeles riots in 1992 and the Northridge earthquake in 1994. His current responsibilities are the day-to-day photographic look and concepts for feature and news photos and design of the Los Angeles Times.

', 489 : '

Genaro Molina

Genaro Molina was born in San Francisco in 1960. His career as a photojournalist included working for the San Francisco Chronicle, the San Jose Mercury News, the Claremont Courier and the Sacramento Bee, before joining the staff of the Los Angeles Times in 1995. He has won numerous awards, including the California Photographer of the Year, the Clarion Award and the Harry Chapin Media Award. His ongoing goal is to continue working on stories of human interest that celebrate the diversity of Los Angeles, and the city in transition.

', 490 : '

Catherine Opie

Describing herself once as "a kind of twisted social documentary photographer," Catherine Opie (born 1961) probes questions of how identity is perceived and shaped. Opie first gained international renown in the 1990s for her intimate portraits of close friends in the Los Angeles lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered and transvestite community, challenging perceptions of male and female identity.

Opie then turned her lens to herself in a series of powerful self-portraits far removed from the self-flattery usually associated with self-reflection. And she expanded her exploration of identity to include architecture and freeways, the distinctive visual elements that shape the individuality of various cities across the United States - gated homes and strip centers (Los Angeles), ice houses (Minneapolis), steel mills (Pittsburgh) - creating photographs of exquisite formal beauty in which a human presence is emphatically implied, though physically absent.

This exhibition presents selections from her recent series, In and Around Home, that raises questions of global identity through the microcosm of Opie's son and partner at home and of their neighbors in their multi-cultural Los Angeles neighborhood.

Her 2008 monograph, Catherine Opie: American Photographer, was published in conjunction with her Guggenheim Museum retrospective.

', 491 : '

Julius Shulman

For over 72-years Julius Shulman (born 1910) has played a seminal role in architectural photography. Best known for his iconic photographs of landmark buildings in the international modern style such as the 1947 Kaufman House in Palm Springs and the 1960 "Case Study House #22" in the Hollywood Hills designed by C. H. "Buck" Stahl and Pierre Koenig, Shulman's images capture the futuristic energy of the Los Angeles and Southern California lifestyle, shaping its perception by the world. Now 98, he continues to photograph every day.

Shulman moved to Los Angeles in 1920 as a boy and watched its transformation after World War II from a relatively small town surrounded by farmland to a modern city of international stature. In 1936 his self-initiated photographs of a Richard Neutra house lead to Neutra commissioning Shulman to photograph subsequent buildings. He was soon hired by other visionary architects, such as Rudolph Schindler and Frank Lloyd Wright, who were active in Los Angeles from the 1930s through the 1950s. Shulman's images are characterized by an extraordinary sensitivity to the rhythmic interplay between interior living space and majestic vista that defines the Southern California international style, and to the human spirit that gives the California dream life.

In 2007, Taschen published his most recent monograph, Julius Shulman: Modernism Rediscovered, Shulman's tribute to forgotten masterpieces of California architecture.

', 492 : '

Tim Street-Porter

British born photographer Tim Street-Porter visited Los Angeles in the early 1970s and fell in love. Over the past three decades Street-Porter (born 1939) has photographed the city's modernist architecture, often working with the same homes photographed by Julius Shulman. His fascination with the way people live began as a child when he stood before a building of flats bombed during the war. "It was like looking into a doll's house."

The luscious quality of Los Angeles' natural light most attracted Street-Porter to Los Angeles. To this day, rather than using a digital camera, he photographs on film for its matchless superiority in capturing nuances of color and light. "The light here really is equivalent to the light in the Mediterranean and in North Africa that attracted Klee, Cezanne, Van Gogh and Matisse," he explains, calling it "a radiant quality." From the distinguished residential architecture of such master designers as Frank Lloyd Wright, Richard Neutra, Rudolf Schindler, and Richard Meier to beaches, gaudy street signs, freeways, and vernacular buildings, Street-Porter describes his adopted home as "a vast residential theme park. . . a bewildering range of styles and fantasies, pretensions and idealistic visions."

In his latest monograph, LA Modern, published in 2008, Street-Porter, an eloquent writer as well as renowned photographer, celebrates the birthplace of American modernism.

', 493 : '

Ansel Adams (1902-1984)

Ansel Adams' first ambition was to become a concert pianist, and many urged him not to give it up for photography. But he was an ardent conservationist who fell in love with nature, particularly the Yosemite Sierra, and he ultimately became famous for his signature black-and-white Western landscapes, photographed in different seasons to show nature's changing patterns. He won three Guggenheim grants to photograph national parks. A believer in "straight photography," he founded the anti-pictorialist group f/64 with Edward Weston in 1932. Adams also developed the Zone System, an exposure technique for black-and-white photography that allows photographers to control the tonal range in a negative, giving them more control over finished photographs. Though known for his landscapes, he also did commercial portraits and documentary work.

', 494 : '

Julia Margaret Cameron (1815-1879)

', 495 : '

Edward Steichen (1879-1973)

One of the most important artistic figures of his time, Edward Steichen was originally a painter who burst onto the international photography scene by creating romantic pictorialist images. His pioneering work-which involved manipulating images and working creatively with filters-helped establish photography as a fine art. After Alfred Stieglitz bought some of his prints, the two became friends and Stieglitz promoted Steichen's work in his publication Camera Work. Steichen joined the advertising industry in 1923. He was instrumental in boosting the number of advertisements that used photography from 15 percent to 80 percent in just a decade. In 1947, Steichen became the director of photography for The Museum of Modern Art, where he organized The Family of Man in 1955, an exhibition of 503 photos that examined the universal themes of life, love, children, and death in 68 countries.

', 496 : '

William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877)

William Henry Fox Talbot, who invented the positive/negative photographic process, is known as The Father of Modern Photography. A true Renaissance man who studied the classics at Cambridge, he had a variety of interests—he was a mathematician, a physicist, a botanist, a Biblical scholar, and a transcriber of ancient Syrian and Chaldean texts.

', 497 : '

Edward Weston (1886-1958)

', 498 : 'need bio for Anne Wilkes Tucker
', 499 : '

Carolyn Cole

Cole has also been widely recognized for her sensitive portrayals of civilians, especially children caught in the destitution and horror surrounding armed conflicts. Her most recent project focuses on exploited children in various Asian countries. ', 503 : 'Lauren Greenfield

Photographer and filmmaker, Lauren Greenfield, a member of Institute Artist Management, is known for her work on US culture, particularly its effect on young women. A graduate of Harvard, Greenfield has received the ICP Infinity Award; the National Geographic Society's Photographic Documentary Grant; the Hasselblad Foundation Grant; and the Nikon Sabbatical Grant.

Lauren’s work is included in the collections of Art Institute of Chicago, Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), the J. Paul Getty Museum, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), the Smithsonian National Museum of American History, the International Center of Photography, the Center for Creative Photography, the Museum of Fine Arts (Houston), and the French Ministry of Culture.

Her books include the award-winning Fast Forward: Growing Up in the Shadow of Hollywood (Knopf, 1997); and Girl Culture (Chronicle Books, 2002). Her first film, ‘Thin’ is a documentary about eating disorders. It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and aired on HBO. Lauren also produced a book and a DVD of the same title, as well as a traveling exhibition, multimedia segments.', 504 : 'Carolyn Cole

Carolyn Cole (born 1961), a photographer with the Los Angeles Times, has documented many of the world's armed conflicts. Cole was a staff photographer for the El Paso Herald-Post and the San Francisco Examiner, and The Sacramento Bee, before moving to the Times in 1994.

In 1997, named Journalist of the Year by the Times Mirror Corporation. She won the 2003 George Polk Award for photojournalism.

In 2004, Cole won a Pulitzer Prize for her coverage of the siege of Monrovia in Liberia. That same year, she was named both NPPA Newspaper Photographer of the Year and the Pictures of the Year International Newspaper Photographer by the University of Missouri's Missouri School of Journalism. This made her the first person ever to win all three of America's top photojournalism awards in the same year.

Cole has also won the Robert Capa Gold Medal twice in 2003 and 2004. She collected two World Press Photo awards in 2004.', 505 : 'Douglas Kirkland

Douglas Kirkland (born 1934, Toronto, Canada) is a photojournalist and fashion photographer, known first and foremost for his iconic celebrity portraits. He has photographed Mick Jagger, Morgan Freeman, Orson Welles, Andy Warhol, Oliver Stone, Marlene Dietrich, Brigitte Bardot, Judy Garland, Elizabeth Taylor and Sophia Loren. He’s also made portraits of Stephen King and photographers Man Ray & Jacques Henri Lartigue.

Douglas began working for Look Magazine in the late fifties, and later Life Magazine during the golden age of 60’s/70’s photojournalism. He worked on the sets of over one hundred motion pictures. His books include “Light Years”, “Icons”, “Legends”, “Body Stories”, “An Evening With Marilyn”, and “Freeze Frame”, a 50-year behind the scenes survey of the entertainment industry. Freeze Frame is now in the permanent collection of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

Douglas’ work is in the permanent collections of the Smithsonian, the National Portrait Gallery in Canberra Australia, the Eastman House in Rochester and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Los Angeles. His portrait of Charlie Chaplin is at the National Portrait Gallery in London.

Kirkland was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award by the American Society of Cinematographers ASOC and a Lucie Award for Outstanding Achievement in Entertainment Photography. Douglas holds an Honorary Master of Fine Arts Degree from Brooks Institute.', 506 : 'Greg Gorman

Greg Gorman (born 1949, Kansas) is famous for his photographs of stage, film and music personalities such as Sophia Loren, Al Pacino and Michael Jackson. Greg’s career began when his passions for rock and roll and photography fused. In the late sixties he shot many concerts including Jimi Hendrix in 1968.

In 1996, Rozzoli International published Inside Life, a retrospective of Mr. Gorman's work from 1968-1996.

Greg’s work has appeared in national magazines including Esquire, GQ, Interview, Life, Vogue, Newsweek, Rolling Stone, Time and Vanity Fair.', 507 : 'Lauren Greenfield

Photographer and filmmaker, Lauren Greenfield, a member of Institute Artist Management, is known for her work on US culture, particularly its effect on young women. A graduate of Harvard, Greenfield has received the ICP Infinity Award; the National Geographic Society's Photographic Documentary Grant; the Hasselblad Foundation Grant; and the Nikon Sabbatical Grant.

Lauren’s work is included in the collections of Art Institute of Chicago, Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), the J. Paul Getty Museum, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), the Smithsonian National Museum of American History, the International Center of Photography, the Center for Creative Photography, the Museum of Fine Arts (Houston), and the French Ministry of Culture.

Her books include the award-winning Fast Forward: Growing Up in the Shadow of Hollywood (Knopf, 1997); and Girl Culture (Chronicle Books, 2002). Her first film, ‘Thin’ is a documentary about eating disorders. It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and aired on HBO. Lauren also produced a book and a DVD of the same title, as well as a traveling exhibition, multimedia segments.', 508 : '

Clyde Butcher

Clyde Butcher (born Kansas City, Missouri, 1942), known for his large format black and white photographs of sublime nature, has been a lifelong nomad. He studied architecture at California Polytechnic University, graduating in 1964. During college, rather than use drawings, Butcher presented his architecture projects by creating and photographing miniature scale models. Clyde was responsible for a portion of the design of the Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco.

In 1963, seeing Ansel Adams' work on display at Yosemite National Park, was an moment of revelation. By 1970, he changed careers realizing that he could make more money in photography than he was making in architecture.

Clyde has published ten books. He is in the Florida Artist Hall of Fame Award, and a recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award from the North American Nature Photography Association. The Sierra Club awarded him the Ansel Adams Conservation Award. He is also the subject of 'Visions of Florida', an award-winning half hour documentary by Public Broadcasting.

Recent projects include work for the Florida state's "Save Our Rivers" program, the South Florida Water Management District, the D.E.P., Divisions of State Lands, the Bureau of Submerged Lands and Preserves, Everglades National Park, Rocky Mountain National Park, Audubon Society, The Nature Conservancy, River Keepers, and the Wilderness Society.

Venice Gallery & Studio in Venice, Florida, and at his Big Cypress Gallery, is surrounded by more than a million acres of National Park wetlands and cypress strands of wild Florida.

http://youtu.be/TBp9CQv6aYo

', 509 : '

Donna and Stephen James O'Meara

Since their marriage on the slopes of Kilauea volcano on the Island of Hawai'i in 1987, the O’Mearas have dedicated their lives to photographing the drama and mystery of volcanic eruptions.

"To go to the explosive volcanose, the boomers, and to feel the earth under your feet—just awesome power," says Stephen James O'Meara. "As long as you survive, it's exciting."

In 1994, the O'Mearas founded Volcano Watch International, a research organization dedicated to better understanding the Earth's active volcanoes. The organization uses the couples' images to educate people about volcanic dangers. It is estimated that more than 10 million people worldwide live in active volcano danger zones.

Photographers, scientists, videographers, recipients of National Geographic Society grants and the subject of documentaries. The O'Mearas are part of The National Geographic Expeditions Council and National Geographic Society contract photographers.

Donna and Stephen live in Hawai'i.

http://outside-blog.away.com/blog/2010/11/photography-in-the-worlds-most-extreme-environments.html

', 510 : '

Paul Nicklen

Paul Nicklen (Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada) grew up in a small Inuit settlement. "The Inuit taught me to survive in the Arctic, read the weather, and, more than anything else, appreciate patience," says Nicklen. Nicklen studyied marine biology at the University of Victoria, and went on to work as a wildlife biologist in the Northwest Territories studying unique species such as lynx, grizzly bears, and polar bears. After four years, Nicklen resigned convinced that rather than work as a biologist, he could better serve wildlife populations by becoming a nature photojournalist.

Nicklen's photographs have appeared in National Geographic, Canadian Geographic, Natural History, International Wildlife, and Equinox. At the BBC Wildlife Photographer of the Year competition, Nicklen received recognition in three categories: Underwater, Animal Behavior, and "Dusk to Dawn". His first book, Seasons of the Arctic, was released by Douglas & McIntyre (Canada) and Sierra Club Books (U.S.) in 2000.

Nicklen lives in Whitehorse, Yukon, with his wife, Lyn.

', 511 : '

Neil Leifer

Leifer (born New York, 1942) renowned sports photographer, began as a professional freelance photographer in his teens in 1960. In 1972, he became a staff photographer for Sports Illustrated (SI) and later went on to work as a staff photographer for Time magazine. In 1988 he was made a contributing photographer at LIFE magazine.

By 1990, his photographs had appeared on more than 200 SI, Time and People covers, the most covers ever published of one photographer's work in Time, Inc. history. Covers included President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George Bush, Statue of Liberty's 100th Birthday Celebration, Actors Burt Reynolds and Clint Eastwood, Pope John Paul II's Visit to America, Heavyweight Champion Mike Tyson, The Space Shuttle Columbia, President Jimmy Carter, Olympian Carl Lewis, and Actor Paul Newman.

His 1978 book, "Sports", has been hailed by many as the best of its kind ever. In all, Leifer has published 14 books, 9 of which have been collections of his sports photographs.

In recent years, Leifer has focused his creativity to directing, producing and writing film. In 2007, Leifer was shortlisted for the documentary film short Oscar for "Portraits of a Lady."

http://bermangraphics.com/press/leifer.htm

http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0201/nl01.htm

', 515 : '

Walter Iooss

Walter Iooss is an award-winning legend in sports photography, best known for his nearly 300 Sports Illustrated covers, as well as his portraits of famous athletes like Michael Jordan, Ken Griffey, Jr., Brett Favre, Joe Montana and Wayne Gretzky. In his career, he has covered virtually every major sports event, including all 43 Super Bowls. In 1982, his project on athletes working their way to the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles resulted in publication of the book, Shooting for the Gold. He has published a number of other books, including Baseball, Football and Sports People, and created a masterful photo essay with Michael Jordan, Rare Air, which topped The New York Times Best Sellers list. His latest work, Athlete, was released in May 2008, and marks his 14th book. In 2004, Iooss received the Lucie Award for Lifetime Achievement in Sports Photography.

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/walter-iooss

', 516 : 'This tis the Second Neil Leifer Bio....
', 512 : '

Walter Iooss

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/walter-iooss

', 530 : '

Julius Shulman

Through his sensibility and keen eye, Julius Shulman, born in Brooklyn, NY (1910-2009) brought Modernist architecture to the American mainstream through. Working in Southern California and America's Southwest Shulman's photographs promoted the careers of numerous visionary architects including Richard Neutra, John Lautner, and Pierre Koenig. Between 1952 and his death in 2009 he exhibited over 50 times across the globe. His work is in the permanent collections of The Metropolitan Musuem of Art, New York and J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Six monographs of his work have been published including 'Julius Shulman: Modernism Rediscovered' by Pierluigi Serriano, a full survey of his work by Taschen following Shulman's passing.

http://www.artnet.com/artists/julius-shulman/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Shulman

http://www.juliusshulmanfilm.com/

', 513 : '

Donna and Stephen James O'Meara

Since their marriage on the slopes of Kilauea volcano on the Island of Hawai’i in 1987, the O’Mearas have dedicated their lives to photographing the drama and mystery of volcanic eruptions.

"To go to the explosive volcanose, the boomers, and to feel the earth under your feet—just awesome power," says Stephen James O'Meara. "As long as you survive, it's exciting."

In 1994, the O'Mearas founded Volcano Watch International, a research organization dedicated to better understanding the Earth’s active volcanoes. The organization uses the couples’ images to educate people about volcanic dangers. It is estimated that more than 10 million people worldwide live in active volcano danger zones.

Donna and Stephen live in Hawai'i.

http://outside-blog.away.com/blog/2010/11/photography-in-the-worlds-most-extreme-environments.html

', 514 : '

Neil Leifer

His 1978 book, "Sports", has been hailed by many as the best of its kind ever. In all, Leifer has published 14 books, 9 of which have been collections of his sports photographs.

He has photographed 15 Olympic Games (7 winter and 8 summer), 4 World Soccer Cups, countless World Series games, the first 10 Superbowls and every important heavyweight title fight since Floyd Patterson beat Ingemar Johansson to regain the title in 1960. He has photographed his favorite subject, Muhammad Ali, on almost 60 different occasions fights and more than 20 photo sessions.
In recent years, Leifer has focused his creativity to directing, producing and writing film. In 2007, Leifer was shortlisted for the documentary film short Oscar for "Portraits of a Lady."

http://bermangraphics.com/press/leifer.htm

http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0201/nl01.htm

', 517 : 'The Neil Leifer Bio...
', 518 : 'The Second Neil Leifer Bubble...', 519 : 'Hopefully this won't be bubble 516
', 520 : 'What number will sports bubble be
', 521 : 'will 516 surround Neil?
', 522 : 'Will 516 surround exhibition', 523 : 'Will 516 always be the first??', 524 : 'Now will 523 always be the first bubble I write in until I reload? ', 525 : 'Hopefully this will be bubble #525', 526 : 'Now, Where are we??
', 527 : '', 528 : 'No wait... Ok. Zardari!!!', 529 : '

Donna and Stephen James O'Meara

Since their marriage on the slopes of Kilauea volcano on the Island of Hawai’i in 1987, the O’Mearas have dedicated their lives to photographing the drama and mystery of volcanic eruptions.

"To go to the explosive volcanos, the boomers, and to feel the earth under your feet—just awesome power," says Stephen James O'Meara. "As long as you survive, it's exciting."

Donna and Stephen live in Hawai'i.

http://outside-blog.away.com/blog/2010/11/photography-in-the-worlds-most-extreme-environments.html

', 531 : '', 532 : '

Tim Street-Porter

As a child, British born Tim Street-Porter (1939-) stood in front of a bombed block of flats in London and thought "it's like looking into a doll's house." He would go on to become one of the most respected architectural photographers in America shaping the way people envision the Modernist buildings of such master designers as Frank Lloyd Wright, Richard Neutra, Rudolf Schindler, and Richard Meier.

Street-Porter studied architecture, but chose photography for his career. He spent ten years working in London before moving to Los Angeles in 1977. Street-Porter's writing on architecture and design singles him out from other photographers. He has written four books on architecture. Freestyle, the New Architecture & Design of Los Angeles, Casa Mexicana: the Architecture and Design of Mexico, The Los Angeles House and and Tropical Houses. Street Porter's photographs have appeared in magazines including: Architectural Digest, World of Interiors, House Beautiful, Elle, Decor, The New York Times, Town & Country and Conde Nast Traveller.

'LA Modern', published in 2008, Street-Porter celebrates the birthplace of American modernism.

In 2003, Street Porter won the Lucie for Architectural Photography.

Tim Street-Porter lives and works in Los Angeles and Connecticut.

http://www.1stdibs.com/introspective/thru_the_lens/tim_streetporter/

http://www.popphoto.com/how-to/2010/03/architectural-photographer-tim-street-porter

', 533 : '

Catherine Opie

Catherine Opie (born Sandusky, Ohio, 1961) is documentary photographer and artist. Her iconic and edgy photographs have explored identities in the LGBT, surfing and high school football communities. She holds a BFA from the San Francisco Art Institute and an MFA from the California Institute of the Arts (1988). Opie is currently a professor of Photography at UCLA.

Solo exhibitions include shows at the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; St. Louis Art Museum; Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago; Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles; The Photographers’ Gallery, London; Art Pace, San Antonio; Stephen Friedman, London; Galeria Massimo De Carlo, Milan; Foncke Galerie, Ghent; and Ginza Art Space, Tokyo. In 2008, the Guggenheim Museum in New York opened a mid-career exhibition titled, Catherine Opie: American Photographer.

Her books include Freeways published by MOCA, Los Angeles, Skyways and Ice Houses, published by The Walker Art Center, 1999/In and Around Home published by the Aldrich Museum, and Chicago by the MCA in Chicago.

Opie has won awards including the 1997 Citibank Private Bank Emerging Artist Award, 1999 Washington University Freund Fellowship, 2003 CalArts Alpert Award in the Arts, 2004 Larry Aldrich Award, San Francisco Art Institute President's Award for Excellence. Opie was a recipient of the United States Artists Fellowship in 2006.

', 534 : '

Lawrence Ho

Lawrence K. Ho, born in Canton China in 1950, immigrated to the United States in 1972. He earned a B.A. degree in Communications from Long Beach State University in California, and began his career as a photojournalist at the Herald Community News. In 1986, he joined the photography staff of the Los Angeles Times, and won the Pulitzer Prize for their coverage of 1992 Los Angeles Riots and the 1994 Northridge earthquake. He lives with his wife and two sons in Los Angeles.

', 535 : '

Kirk McKoy

', 536 : '

Genaro Molina

Molina awards include California Photographer of the Year (California Press Photographers Assn.), the Clarion Award (Women in Communications), second place National Press Photographer of the Year and the Harry Chapin Media award.

He has exhibited at the Smithsonian Institute, the Museum of the City of New York, the National Museum of Anthropology and History in Mexico City, FotoFest in Houston, the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History and the Annenberg Space for Photography. His portraits of America’s notable centenarians, “A Century of Memories,” is a permanent exhibit at the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center at USC.

', 537 : 'Andrew Owen

Andrew Owen was appointed the position of Managing Director of LOOK3 in 2009. As Managing Director, Andrew’s role is to oversee the planning, directing, and completion of all LOOK3 operations in addition to serving as primary lead on fundraising, educational, and communications initiatives. Andrew joined the Festival of the Photograph team in the early planning stage and, as Operations Manager, became the Festival's first employee in 2007. In 2008, Andrew’s role expanded to include directing and managing the LOOK3 Workshops and Project Critique Sessions. Andrew further added to his responsibilities in 2009 by leading and managing the creation of a new www.look3.org website. Also a photographer, Andrew completed a seven-month personal project in 2009 photographing small and strange festivals around the United States. The project, called The American Festivals Project, received funding from National Geographic’s Young Explorer’s program and was a featured project on National Geographic’s website in 2010. Andrew was born in Charlottesville, Virginia in 1981, and graduated from Georgetown University with a degree in American Studies in 2004. Directly after graduating Andrew worked as research associate for the consulting firm Sustainability Partners, Inc., where was involved with client projects related to corporate business practices and sustainable business initiatives.', 538 : '

Michael "Nick" Nichols

Michael "Nick" Nichols (b. Alabama, USA, 1952) grew up in a poor family and he was influenced by the photographs in magazines such as National Geographic and those of masters such as Edward Weston and Henri Cartier-Bresson. Drafted in the 1970's during the Vietnam War he joined the forces after it had ended and served his time in the US Army in Kentucky in the photographic department. During his military service he started taking photographs in caves using flash. In 1979 he put this ability to good use when he completed his first assignment for Geo photographing caves. He joined Magnum from 1982 to 1995 and his interest in photographing the natural world grew resulting in a collaborative book with Jane Goodall Brutal Kinship (1999). After leaving Magnum he joined National Geographic (1996) and has since been involved in various expeditions including documenting Mike Fay’s 2000 mile walk from the Congo to the Gabon coast. This trip resulted in 13 National Parks being established in Gabon covering 11% of the country. In 2007 he founded and co-directed the annual LOOK3 Festival of the Photograph in Charlottesville, Virginia. In 2008 he became an editor-at-large of National Geographic. To read more about Micheal "Nick" Nichols, click this link. Watch this video of Michael "Nick" Nichols talk about the LOOK3 Festival.

', 539 : '

Jessica Nagle 

The other four members of this list hold powerful offices connected directly with arts venues that house music, visual arts and theater nearly year-round. We say "nearly" because, for one week every year, Jessica Nagle’s Festival of the Photograph—now approaching its third year—controls almost every aspect of the arts scene in Charlottesville, taking over prominent gallery spaces, building sides, the Charlottesville Pavilion, and The Paramount Theater each summer.  For starters, Nagle, a co-founder of SNL Financial with Reid Nagle, assembled a dynamite Who’s Who list of local artists—Will Kerner, Will May, and her co-executive director Nick Nichols. From there, she used her local support to earn greater national funding and, subsequently, greater international attention.

Both National Geographic and Apple signed on with the Festival as founding supporters, and continue to donate, alongside photo heavy-hitters like Canon. Her festival advisory board boasts photo editors and directors from the likes of The New York Times, Fortune and Aperture. And Nagle returns the favor, whether serving as Live Arts’ Gala chair alongside Jane Matthews in 2008 or supporting organizations like Light House Studio.   

What’s more, Nagle’s celebrity retention rate is nothing short of spectacular: Featured artists from the previous installments of the Festival of the Photograph, including Eugene Richards and James Nachtwey, will return to conduct workshops during this year’s fest, from June 11 through 13. Nagle’s power is enough to make us hope the old adage is true: Take a picture—it’ll last longer.

', 540 : '', 541 : '', 542 : '

Steve McCurry 

Steve McCurry (b. Philadelphia, USA, 1950) graduated from the College of Arts and Architecture at the Pennsylvania State University and worked at a newspaper before going freelance. He established his credentials as a photojournalist by crossing the border into Afghanistan just before the Russian invasion and taking some of the first photographs taken there and smuggling them out. Besides extensive long term studies of South East Asia he has covered wars and social conflict in Beirut, Cambodia, the Philippines, the Gulf War, the former Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, and Tibet. He is known world wide for his portrait of the Afghan refugee Sharbat Gula and his expedition to find her again twenty years later. His work has been published in numerous magazines and many books winning many awards including the Robert Capa Gold Medal. Click here to view his work at Magnum Photos. Watch a video, here. Click here to read more about his interesting story, about shooting his last roll of Kodachrome film. Click the following video link to listen to Steve talk about what inspires him, what he sees and how he works. To view another video, titled, "Magnum in Motion" showcasing Steve McCurry's most recognizable photographs from New York to Southeast Asia to Tibet and Afghanistan, click here. To enter Steve McCurry's online gallery of images, click here. Click to view Steve McCurry talking with Oprah, here (prior to the Afghan Girl).

', 543 : '

Mary Ellen Mark 

Mary Ellen Mark (b. Philadelphia, USA, 1940) received her BFA from University of Pennsylvania (1964) and the following year won a Fulbright Scholarship to photograph in Turkey. On returning to the USA she moved to New York City and refined her interests in photojournalism by giving voice to those on the edges of society who are frequently ignored. She covered political demonstrations and transvestite culture with empathy. Her books cover mental health in the maximum security section of the Oregon State Hospital in Ward 81 (1979), prostitution in Falkland Road (1981), the Indian Circus (1993), Extraordinary Child: Disabled Children in Iceland (2007) along with a host of other photo essays covering the "troubled fringes" of society. Since the late 1960's she has taken production stills for over 100 movies including classics such as Satyricon (1969), Catch-22 (1970) and Apocalypse Now (1979). Click here to view some of those photographs. She has been awarded three National Endowment for the Arts grants (1977, 1979-1980, 1990), a John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship (1994) along with other recognitions including five Honorary Doctorates between 1992 and 2004. Click here to read more on her extensive CV. Watch videos of Mary Ellen Mark discuss her photography. Video 1, Video 2. Read more here at The New Yorker online, where she has been featured as a "Photo Booth" feature photographer.

', 544 : '

Martin Parr 

Martin Parr (b. Epsom, Surrey, UK, 1952) is a documentary photographer, collector, photo-book historian and visual trickster. Interested in photography from his teens he went to Manchester Polytechnic (1970-1973) to study photography. Initially he worked in black and white in his early documentary projects and switched to color in around 1984 for what would become in the iconic book Last Resort: Photographs of New Brighton (1986. The two volume The Photobook: A History, that he co-authored with Gerry Badger, is at times idiosyncratic but remains the best work in print on the subject. In 1994 he became a full member of Magnum. A retrospective of his work at the Barbican Art Gallery in London (2002). In 2008 he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Arts at Manchester Metropolitan University (formerly Manchester Polytechnic) in recognition for his ongoing contribution to photography. The two volume Parrworld: Objects and Postcards (Aperture, 2008) is a lavish catalog of his obsessive collecting through the years. His work contains at times slightly surreal vision or whimsical view of contemporary society with gentle stabs at its flabby underbelly. Given his taste in boring postcards, ice cream, English resorts, Saddam Hussein watches and the fashion "industry" it is not surprising that there is a Martin Parr Appreciation Page on Facebook. Martin Parr is one of the true originals in photography with the best of English quirkiness. Click here to listen and watch this discussion and hear more about how his work is influenced by different modes of vernacular photography—fashion, studio, portraiture, and tourist snapshots. Martin Parr discusses his work further in this video clip, one of a two part series.

', 583 : '

Nan Goldin

Nan Goldin (b. Washington, D.C., USA, 1953) has turned her own life and that of her changing social circles into an ongoing documentary project in the same way that Richard Billingham did in the UK. Before, during and following her studies at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston/Tufts University she documented to gay community along with her friends who were involved with hard drugs between the late 1970's and the mid 1890's. This period was published in her best known book The Ballad of Sexual Dependency which can be viewed as a diary of self-destruction as AID's and/or drugs decimated her friends and community. There have been the associations made between her work and the fashion industries use of heroin chic but Nan has stated that connection is "reprehensible and evil". Her work was shown in a Retrospective at the Pompidou Center in Paris (2002) and she has increasingly concentrated on slide shows, projections and cinematography to exhibit her work. In 2007 she was presented with the prestigious Hasselblad Award. Click here to learn more about Nan Goldin's career. To view a two-part online interview, click here and here.

', 549 : '

David Alan Harvey 

David Alan Harvey (b. San Francisco, CAL, USA, 1944) joined Magnum as a nominee in 1993 and became a full member in 1997. Prior to this he had taken up photography when he was eleven years old. At twenty he documented the lives of a black family in Norfolk, Virginia and this was published in the book Tell It Like It Is (1966). Like William Albert Allard he is frequent contributor to National Geographic with over forty articles. He supports younger and emerging photographers through the online journal Burn Magazine that he founded in 2008 and continues to curate. Watch a video of David Alan Harvey, here.

', 545 : '

Nan Goldin

', 546 : '

Eugene Richards

Eugene Richards (b. Dorchester, MA, USA, 1944) graduated from Northeastern University with a degree in English Journalism and with a lifelong dedication to civil rights. He continued his studies at MIT and studied photography under the guidance of Minor White. In the late 1960's an organization he founded, Many Voices, reported on the violence of the Klu Klux Klan. Throughout his career the documentation of poverty, drugs, AID's and labor abuses have been difficult to view at the same time as they confront the American ideal. His books like Cocaine True, Cocaine Blue (2005) or The Knife & Gun Club: Scenes From an Emergency Room (1995) are classics of brutal reportage that are not for the light hearted. He has won the W. Eugene Smith Memorial Award, a Guggenheim Fellowship, three National Endowment for the Arts grants amongst many other honors. Click here to read more about this artist on the National Geographic website. Click here to watch an interview with Eugene Richards on capturing the aftermath of the Iraq war. Click here to listen to more from Eugene Richards, talk about a sense of 'intimacy' with his photographic subjects.

', 547 : '

Christopher Anderson 

Christopher Anderson (b. Kelowna , BC, Canada, 1970) from an early career working in the photography lab at the Dallas Morning News he morning to work as a photographer for a newspaper in Colorado (1993) leaving two years later to become freelance. In 1996 he became a contract photographer for U.S. News and World Report and documented the Russian economic crisis and the plight of Afghan refugees to Pakistan. In 1999 he joined refugees from Haiti as they tried to sail to America. It was this black and white series that won him the Robert Capa Gold Medal (2000). He joined VII in 2002 and became a Magnum Photos nominee in 2005. Click here to learn more about Christopher Anderson, in The Emerging Artist Series. Click here to read his Magnum Photo bio.

', 548 : '

Sylvia Plachy 

Sylvia Plachy (b. Budapest, Hungary, 1943) was born to a Czech Jewish mother in Hungary during the Second World War. Hungary was aligned with the Axis powers and had a German occupation from 1944. Surviving the war she was brought up as a Catholic in a Hungary that was now part of the Eastern Block. Her family moved to New York City due to the Hungarian Revolution and she met Andre Kertesz - a fellow Hungarian. Her photo essays have concentrated on New York City and been widely published in The New York Times Magazine, The Village Voice, The New Yorker and many other publications. Her work has included a book with James Ridgeway Red Light: Inside the Sex Industry (1996) and portraits of homeless cancer patients. Her work includes biographical studies including her book Self Portrait with Cows Going Home (2005) that documents a return trip to Central Europe. This book received a Golden Light Award for best book in 2004. In 2010 she was awarded the Dr. Erich Saloman award by the German Society for Photography (DGPh). Click here to watch a video and hear her talk about her photography. Learn and see more of Sylvia Plachy here at Aperture Foundation online.

', 550 : '

Gilles Peress 

Gilles Peress (b. Neuilly, France, 1946) continues a strong tradition with photojournalism of acting as a witness to conflict. In common with a number of the leading photojournalists such as Josef Koudelka, Paolo Pellegrin he started by photographing social issues including the harsh conditions of a French coal mining town. By 1972 he had joined Magnum Photos and commenced a twenty year study of the struggles in Northern Ireland that resulted in his book Power in the Blood (1996). Click here to view some of his Magnum photographs. Telex Iran: In the Name of the Revolution (1984) chronicles his travels during a five week trip to Iran during the hostage crisis of the Iranian Revolution. He has also photographed in Bosnia and Rwanda two genocidal conflicts where he documented the tragedies. He is professor of Human Rights and Photography at Bard College in New York, a Senor Research Fellow at UC Berkeley and the winner of most of the significant awards for Photojournalism. Read more about his story here at the online American Suburb X, a forum for conversations and ideas relating to photography and culture.

', 551 : '

Antonin Kratochvil

Antonin Kratochvil (b. 1947) is a Czech-born American photojournalist and commercial photographer with a varied portfolio that ranges from hard hitting social documentary on street children in Mongolia through to portraits of Bill Gates and Harvey Keitel. He has photographed for non-profit organizations and humanitarian agencies including Medicines sans Frontiers, the United Nations and Rockefeller Foundation and for the last of these he received the Gold ARC Award for Best Annual Report, NGO Category (2000). Besides this he has photographed the war in Iraq for Fortune Magazine and at the same time continued a twenty year self-generated project Vanishing in which he brought together natural and human phenomena that are on the verge of extinction. This book won the 2005 Golden Light Award for Best Documentary Book. Read more read or listen to more of this two-part Radio Prague interview. Part 1, Part 2.

', 552 : 'Massimo Vitali

Massimo Vitali (b. Como, Italy, 1944) graduated from The London School of Printing with a degree in photography (1964) but it is his large-format photographs of Italian beaches from the 1990s that gained him access to the fine art photographic world. Using custom-made towers high above the beaches he selects a landscape and waits with a large format camera for the right moment. The viewer voyeuristically searches these photographs for the small moment of humanity rather as an anthropologist or sociologist seeks out evidence in the banal. Visit the LOOK3 website, here to learn more about his INsight Conversation. Click here to view the photographs he showcased at the 2011 LOOK3 Festival. To read more online about Massimo Vitali, click here.

', 553 : 'Sally Mann

Sally Mann (b. Lexington, VA, USA, 1951) has remained close to her southern roots. Her investigations of her own family has been a continuing theme in her work from her study of her three children Immediate Family (1992) through to her more recent work Proud Flesh (2009) on her husband Larry naked body as he handles late-onset muscular dystrophy. Personal studies take us into difficult realms of youthful sexuality and illness but the challenge of Sally Mann is for the viewer to confront reality which is rarely neat. She has experimented with nineteenth and early twentieth century photographic process such as wet plate collodion, platinum printing and bromoil all of which are appropriate to the subjects of aging and the history rich landscapes of the region she lives. She has been the subject of two documentaries: Blood Ties (1994), which was nominated for an Academy Award, and What Remains (2007). Click here to watch, "What Remains: The Life and Work of Sally Mann". Continue on youtube to watch Part 2 and Part 3.
', 554 : 'Scott Thode

Scott Thode is currently the Deputy Picture Editor at Fortune Magazine. In 2007, he was nominated for a Lucie Award as Photo Editor of the Year. As a photographer Scott was the recipient of numerous photography awards and his work has been exhibited at The Bienalle Internazionale di Fotografia in Turin, Italy; Visa Pour L'Image in Perpignan, France and The Colonnade Galle Washington, D.C. Scott teaches at The International Center for Photography and participates in many photo symposia, workshops and judges numerous photography awards. He is also on the Advisory Board of LOOK3 Photo Festival in Charlottesville, Virginia. Click here to read more about Scott Thode at The Photography Post. Alongside his wife Kathy Ryan, Scott is co-curator of the 2011 LOOK3 festival. Click here to read more from the LOOK3 INsight Conversation with Scott Thode and Antonin Kratochvil. ', 555 : 'La Toya Ruby Frazier

LaToya Ruby Frazier, born Pittsburgh, PA (1982) is known for her photographs and videos of her family, particularly those focusing on her relationship with her mother. Frazier is a decidedly non-objective observer, often turning the camera on herself, exposing her place in the life of her family. Her work examines the role that family dynamics play both on a personal level and in society at large. Click here to read more about LaToya Frazier at New York Close Up online.

Frazier gained her MFA Art Photography from Syracuse University and has completed residencies at Whitney Museum of American Art Independent Study Program, NYU Visiting Artist Program Resident, Center for Photography at Woodstock, and Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture. She has exhibited in over 50 shows.

Frazier is the recipient of an Art Matters Grant (2010), S.J. Wallace Truman Fund Award, National Academy Museum, NY (2008), Master's Prize Award, School of Visual Performing Arts, Syracuse, NY (2008), an Aperture Portfolio Review Honorable Mention (2006), Geraldine Dodge Fellowship Award, Director's Citation Award, Black Maria Film Festival, and an African American Fellowship, African American Studies Dept, Syracuse University (2004)

Her work is in the collections of Joseph T Baio Collection, NY, Haggerty Museum of Art, Milwaukee, WI, Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University Art Museum, Cambridge, MA, Center for Photography at Woodstock, NY, and the Samuel Dorsky Museum of Art, SUNY New Paltz, NY. Her work has appeared in New York Times Magazine, Fader Magazine, and Newsweek.', 556 : 'George Steinmetz

George Steinmetz (b. Beverly Hills, CA, USA, 1957) is a scientifically trained photographer specializing in aerial photography and photojournalism. He graduated from Stanford University with a degree in Geophysics and then hitchhiked through Africa for eighteen months. He has had numerous photo essays published in National Geographic, GEO (Germany) and Condé Nast Traveler and won awards along the way including a 1994 World Press award for science photography for his work on Genetically Manipulated Mice. He is best known for his work using an experimental powered paraglider to explore inaccessible parts of the world including The Empty Quarter of Arabia. Click here to view his work with National Geographic.

', 559 : 'George Steinmetz

', 560 : '

Steve McCurry 

Steve McCurry (b. Philadelphia, USA, 1950) graduated from the College of Arts and Architecture at the Pennsylvania State University and worked at a newspaper before going freelance. He established his credentials as a photojournalist by crossing the border into Afghanistan just before the Russian invasion and taking some of the first photographs taken there and smuggling them out. Besides extensive long term studies of South East Asia he has covered wars and social conflict in Beirut, Cambodia, the Philippines, the Gulf War, the former Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, and Tibet. He is known world wide for his portrait of the Afghan refugee Sharbat Gula and his expedition to find her again twenty years later. His work has been published in numerous magazines and many books winning many awards including the Robert Capa Gold Medal. Click here to view his work at Magnum Photos. Watch a video, here. Click here to read more about his interesting story, about photographing his last roll of Kodachrome film. Click the following video link to listen to Steve talk about what inspires him, what he sees and how he works. To view another video, titled, "Magnum in Motion" showcasing Steve McCurry's most recognizable photographs from New York to Southeast Asia to Tibet and Afghanistan, click here. To enter Steve McCurry's online gallery of images, click here. Click to view Steve McCurry talking with Oprah, here (prior to the Afghan Girl).

', 557 : 'Callie Shell

Callie Shell is photojournalist working as a contract photographer with Time magazine and her work is represented by Aurora Photos. She first met Obama in 2004 and in 2006 decided to start following his progress before his presidential campaign was announced. This close-up and personal view of a President in the making is a significant historical study. Click here to see some of Callie Shell's work, and learn more about her. Click here to learn more about her relationship with the Presidential family and read more stories behind her photographs. To see TIME Magazine's cover story and more photographs by Callie Shell, click here. ', 558 : '

James Nachtwey

James Nachtwey (b. Syracuse, NY, USA, 1948) graduated from Dartmouth College, where he studied Art History and Political Science (1966-70) following it with jobs in the Merchant Marine, truck driving and news film editing as he taught himself photography. He started as a photographer for the Albuquerque Journal in New Mexico (1976) and moved to New York in 1980. In 1981 he covered Northern Ireland during the IRA hunger strike at a time when other notable photojournalists were there including Gilles Peress and Chris Steele-Perkins. Since then he has covered almost every major war and conflict around the world and been a member of Black Star (1980-1985) and Magnum (1986-2001) leaving to be one of the founding members of VII. He has been a witness to tragedies such as when photojournalist Ken Oosterbroek was killed and Greg Marinovich was seriously injured (1994) in South Africa an event dramatised in the film The Bang Bang Club (2010). He was in New York when the World Trade Center was destroyed on September 11, 2001. He has been awarded numerous prizes and awards including World Press Photo (1994) and the Robert Capa Gold Medal five times. In 2006 he won the 12th Annual Heinz Award in Arts and Humanities and in 2007 when he was awarded a TED prize he decided to cover extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDRTB) around the world. Click here to view his TED talk. With contemporary photojournalism it can be difficult to get assignments for stories and on occasion he has financed these projects himself to document what he considered needed to be documented including Romanian orphanages and famines in Sudan. Click here to view images online at VII. Click here to view more photographs by James Nachtwey (you will have to click on his name on the left). Click here to read more about James Nachtwey at the online Digital Journalist. Visit TIME photos online, here for more of this artist work. To view video of James Nachtwey discussing his war photographs, click here. Read more at the following link to our article featuring, James Nachtwey. Our Featured Article.

', 561 : '

Mary Ellen Mark 

', 562 : '

Martin Parr 

', 563 : '

Nan Goldin

', 564 : '

Eugene Richards

', 565 : '

Christopher Anderson 

', 566 : 'Sylvia Plachy 

', 567 : '

David Alan Harvey 

', 568 : '

Gilles Peress 

', 569 : '

Antonin Kratochvil

', 570 : 'Paolo Pellegrin

Paolo Pellegrin (b. Rome, Italy, 1964) started his career with social documentary photography covering immigration and the homeless in his native Rome. In 1999 he went to cover the war in Kosovo and from that time on has made a career out of acting as a photographic witness by covering conflict photography and dangerous locations including Lebanon, Darfur, Haiti, Iraq, Afghanistan and Mali. In 2001 he joined a Magnum Photos as a nominee and became a full member in 2005. Since 1995 he has won numerous prestigious awards including the Robert Capa Gold Medal, the W. Eugene Smith Grant for Humanistic Photography and at least eight World Press Photo awards. He continues to concentrate on conflict photography the resulting refugees and health issues. Click here to view some of his work. Read more: Paolo Pellegrin: As I was dying, Photography Collection. Click here to read more about Paolo Pellegrin in The Independent article, "Witness to history". To watch a video excerpt from Paolo Pellegrin's Moleskin Notebook project, click here.

', 571 : '

Clyde Butcher – (born Kansas City, Missouri, 1942)

Clyde Butcher, known for his large format black and white photographs of sublime nature, has been a lifelong nomad. He studied architecture at California Polytechnic University, graduating in 1964. During college, rather than use drawings, Butcher presented his architecture projects by creating and photographing miniature scale models. Clyde was responsible for a portion of the design of the Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco.

Seeing Ansel Adams' work on display at Yosemite National Park in 1963 provided a moment of revelation for Butcher. By 1970, he changed careers realizing that he could make more money in photography than he was making in architecture.

Clyde has published ten books and is a recipient of the Florida Artist Hall of Fame Award and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the North American Nature Photography Association. The Sierra Club bestowed on him the Ansel Adams Conservation Award. He is also the subject of 'Visions of Florida', an award-winning half hour documentary by Public Broadcasting.

Recent projects include work for the Florida state's "Save Our Rivers" program, the South Florida Water Management District, the D.E.P., Divisions of State Lands, the Bureau of Submerged Lands and Preserves, Everglades National Park, Rocky Mountain National Park, Audubon Society, The Nature Conservancy, River Keepers, and the Wilderness Society.

Both 'Venice Gallery & Studio' (located in Venice, Florida) and Butcher's 'Big Cypress Gallery' are surrounded by more than a million acres of National Park wetlands and cypress strands of wild Florida.

Click here to view a video of Sheree Savage interviewing Clyde Butcher on the opening night of his exhibit "America the Beautiful - The Monumental Landscape of Clyde Butcher" at St. Paul's James J. Hill Reference Library and Central Library in 2010.

', 572 : '

Paul Nicklen- Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada

Paul Nicklen grew up in a small Inuit settlement. "The Inuit taught me to survive in the Arctic, read the weather, and, more than anything else, appreciate patience," says Nicklen. Nicklen studied marine biology at the University of Victoria, and went on to work as a wildlife biologist in the Northwest Territories studying unique species such as lynx, grizzly bears, and polar bears. After four years working as a biologist, Nicklen resigned as he was convinced that he could better serve wildlife populations by becoming a nature photojournalist.

Nicklen's photographs have appeared in National Geographic, Canadian Geographic, Natural History, International Wildlife, and Equinox. At the BBC Wildlife Photographer of the Year competition, Nicklen received recognition in three categories: Underwater, Animal Behavior, and Dusk to Dawn. His first book, ‘Seasons of the Arctic’, was released by Douglas & McIntyre (Canada) and Sierra Club Books (U.S.) in 2000. Nicklen lives in Whitehorse, Yukon, with his wife, Lyn.

', 573 : '

Donna and Stephen James O'Meara

Since their marriage on the slopes of Kilauea volcano on the Island of Hawai'i in 1987, the O'Mearas have dedicated their lives to photographing the drama and mystery of volcanic eruptions.

"To go to the explosive volcanos, the boomers, and to feel the earth under your feet—just awesome power," says Stephen James O'Meara. "As long as you survive, it's exciting."

In 1994, the O'Mearas founded 'Volcano Watch International', a research organization dedicated to better understanding the Earth's active volcanoes. The organization uses the couples' images to educate people about volcanic dangers. It is estimated that more than 10 million people worldwide live in active volcano danger zones. The O'Mearas are part of The National Geographic Expeditions Council and National Geographic Society contract photographers. Donna and Stephen live in Hawai'i.

Click here to read an article posted on Outside Magazine's blog in November, 2010.

', 574 : '

Neil Leifer - born New York, 1942

Neil Leifer, renowned sports photographer, began as a professional freelance photographer in his teens in 1960. In 1972, he became a staff photographer for Sports Illustrated (SI) and later went on to work as a staff photographer for Time magazine. In 1988 he was made a contributing photographer at LIFE magazine.

By 1990, his photographs had appeared on more than 200 SI, Time and People covers, the most covers ever published of one photographer's work in Time, Inc. history. Covers included President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George Bush, Statue of Liberty's 100th Birthday Celebration, Actors Burt Reynolds and Clint Eastwood, Pope John Paul II's Visit to America, Heavyweight Champion Mike Tyson, The Space Shuttle Columbia, President Jimmy Carter, Olympian Carl Lewis, and Actor Paul Newman.

His 1978 book, "Sports", has been hailed by many as the best book of its kind throughout history. In all, Leifer has published 14 books, 9 of which have been collections of his sports photographs. He has photographed 15 Olympic Games (7 winter and 8 summer), 4 World Soccer Cups, countless World Series games, the first 10 Superbowls and every important heavyweight title fight since Floyd Patterson beat Ingemar Johansson to regain the title in 1960. He has photographed his favorite subject, Muhammad Ali, on almost 60 different occasions fights and more than 20 photo sessions.

In recent years, Leifer has focused his creativity to directing, producing and writing film. In 2007, Leifer was shortlisted for the documentary film short Oscar for "Portraits of a Lady."

Click here to read a 2002 interview with Neil Leifer by Larry Berman and Chris Mahar.

Click here to see text and images from the book, "The Best of Leifer" on The Digital Journalist website.

', 577 : '

Tim Street-Porter – born in England in 1939

As a child, British born Tim Street-Porter stood in front of a bombed block of flats in London and thought– "...it's like looking into a doll's house." He would go on to become one of the most respected architectural photographers in America shaping the way people envision the Modernist buildings of such master designers as Frank Lloyd Wright, Richard Neutra, Rudolf Schindler, and Richard Meier.

Street-Porter studied architecture, but chose photography for his career. He spent ten years working in London before moving to Los Angeles in 1977. Street-Porter's writing on architecture and design singles him out from other photographers. He has written four books on architecture. 'The Los Angeles House: Decoration and Design in America's 20th Century City', 'Casa Mexicana: The Architecture, Design, and Style of Mexico', 'Hollywood Style' and and 'Tropical Houses: Living in Nature in Jamaica, Sri Lanka, Java, Bali, and the Coasts of Mexico and Belize'. Street-Porter's photographs have appeared in magazines including: 'Architectural Digest', 'World of Interiors', 'House Beautiful', 'Elle Décor', 'The New York Times', 'Town & Country' and 'Conde Nast Traveller'.

'L.A. Modern', published in 2008, Street-Porter celebrates the birthplace of American modernism. In 2003, Street Porter won the Lucie for Architectural Photography. Tim Street-Porter lives and works in Los Angeles and Connecticut.

Links

1st Dibbs

Pop Photo

', 575 : 'Walter Iooss

Walter Iooss is an award-winning legend in sports photography, best known for his nearly 300 Sports Illustrated covers, as well as his portraits of famous athletes like Michael Jordan, Ken Griffey Jr., Brett Favre, Joe Montana and Wayne Gretzky. In his career, he has covered virtually every major sports event, including all 43 Super Bowls. In 1982, his project on athletes working their way to the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles resulted in publication of the book, 'Shooting for the Gold'. He has published a number of other books, including 'Baseball, Football and Sports People', and created a masterful photo essay with Michael Jordan, 'Rare Air', which topped 'The New York Times Best Sellers' list. His latest work, 'Athlete', was released in May 2008, and marks his 14th book. In 2004, Iooss received the Lucie Award for Lifetime Achievement in Sports Photography.

Click here to get Walter Iooss' RSS feed and read a short write up about him on the Huffington Post website.
', 576 : '

Julius Shulman – born in Brooklyn, NY (1910-2009)

Through his sensibility and keen eye, Julius Shulman brought Modernist architecture to the American mainstream. Working in Southern California and America's Southwest, Shulman's photographs promoted the careers of numerous visionary architects including Richard Neutra, John Lautner, and Pierre Koenig. Between 1952 and his death in 2009 he exhibited over 50 times across the globe. His work is in the permanent collections of The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles. Six monographs of his work have been published. 'Julius Shulman: Modernism Rediscovered' by Pierluigi Serriano, is a full survey of his work published by Taschen, following Shulman's passing.

Links

Artnet

Wikipedia

Film

', 578 : '

Catherine Opie - born Sandusky, Ohio, 1961

Catherine Opie is documentary photographer and artist. Her iconic and edgy photographs have explored identities in the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender) communities, surfing, and high school football communities. She holds a BFA from the San Francisco Art Institute and an MFA from the California Institute of the Arts (1988). Opie is currently a professor of Photography at UCLA.

Solo exhibitions include shows at the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; St. Louis Art Museum; Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago; Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles; The Photographers’ Gallery, London; Art Pace, San Antonio; Stephen Friedman, London; Galeria Massimo De Carlo, Milan; Foncke Galerie, Ghent; and Ginza Art Space, Tokyo. In 2008, the Guggenheim Museum in New York opened a mid-career exhibition titled, ‘Catherine Opie: American Photographer’.

Her books include ‘Freeways’ published by MOCA, ‘Catherine Opie: Skyways and Ice Houses’, published by The Walker Art Center, 1999, ‘In and Around Home’ published by the Aldrich Museum, and ‘Chicago’ by the MCA in Chicago.

Opie has won awards including the 1997 Citibank Private Bank Emerging Artist Award, 1999 Washington University Freund Fellowship, 2003 CalArts Alpert Award in the Arts, 2004 Larry Aldrich Award, and the San Francisco Art Institute President's Award for Excellence. Opie was a recipient of the United States Artists Fellowship in 2006.

', 579 : '

Lawrence Ho - born in Canton China in 1950

Lawrence K. Ho immigrated to the United States from China in 1972. He earned a B.A. degree in Communications from Long Beach State University in California, and began his career as a photojournalist at the Herald Community News. In 1986, he joined the photography staff of the Los Angeles Times, and won the Pulitzer Prize for their coverage of the Los Angeles Riots in 1992 and the Northridge earthquake in 1994. He lives with his wife and two sons in Los Angeles.

', 580 : '

Kirk McKoy - born 1957

Kirk D. McKoy is the Senior Features Photo Editor and Deputy for the Los Angeles Times. He has been a photojournalist for over 28 years, and is a two time Pulitzer Prize winner, for his work covering the Los Angeles riots in 1992 and the Northridge earthquake in 1994. His current responsibilities are the day-to-day photographic look and concepts for feature and news photos and design of the Los Angeles Times.

', 581 : '

Genaro Molina

Since 1995, Genaro Molina has been a staff photographer for the Los Angeles Times. He has photographed Pope John Paul II at the Vatican; the effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans; the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska; the misuse of pesticides in Culiacan, Mexico; the tragedy of AIDS in eastern Africa; the aftermath of the war in Bosnia; migrant farm workers in California and the homeless of Los Angeles’ skid row.

Molina’s awards include ‘California Photographer of the Year’ (California Press Photographers Assn.), the ‘Clarion Award’ (Women in Communications), second place for the ‘National Press Photographer of the Year’ and the ‘Harry Chapin Media award’.

He has exhibited at the ‘Smithsonian Institute’, the ‘Museum of the City of New York’, the ‘National Museum of Anthropology and History’ in Mexico City, ‘FotoFest’ in Houston, the ‘Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History’ and the ‘Annenberg Space for Photography’. His portraits of America’s notable centenarians, “A Century of Memories,” is a permanent exhibit at the ‘Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center’ at USC.

', 582 : '

Catherine Opie - born Sandusky, Ohio, 1961

', 584 : 'Sally Mann

Sally Mann (b. Lexington, VA, USA, 1951) has remained close to her southern roots. Her investigations of her own family has been a continuing theme in her work from her study of her three children Immediate Family (1992) through to her more recent work Proud Flesh (2009) on her husband Larry naked body as he handles late-onset muscular dystrophy. Personal studies take us into difficult realms of youthful sexuality and illness but the challenge of Sally Mann is for the viewer to confront reality which is rarely neat. She has experimented with nineteenth and early twentieth century photographic process such as wet plate collodion, platinum printing and bromoil all of which are appropriate to the subjects of aging and the history rich landscapes of the region she lives. Click here to view some of her work. She has been the subject of two documentaries: Blood Ties (1994), which was nominated for an Academy Award, and What Remains (2007). To learn more about Sally Mann, watch the following three online interview segments, titled, "What Remains: The Life and Work of Sally Mann". Part 1, Part 2, Part 3.', 585 : '

Martin Parr 

', 586 : '

Antonin Kratochvil

', 587 : '

Gilles Peress 

', 588 : '

Massimo Vitali

', 589 : '

David Alan Harvey 

', 590 : 'George Steinmetz

', 591 : 'Callie Shell

Callie Shell is photojournalist working as a contract photographer with Time magazine and her work is represented by Aurora Photos. She first met Obama in 2004 and in 2006 decided to start following his progress before his presidential campaign was announced. This close-up and personal view of a President in the making is a significant historical study. Click here to see some of Callie Shell's work, and learn more about her. Click here to learn more about her relationship with the Presidential family and read more stories behind her photographs. To see TIME Magazine's cover story and more photographs by Callie Shell, click here. ', 592 : '

Mary Ellen Mark 

', 593 : '

Steve McCurry 

', 594 : '

Steve McCurry 

', 595 : '

Christopher Anderson 

', 596 : '

Mary Ellen Mark 

', 597 : 'La Toya Ruby Frazier

LaToya Ruby Frazier, born Pittsburgh, PA (1982) is known for her photographs and videos of her family, particularly those focusing on her relationship with her mother. Frazier is a decidedly non-objective observer, often turning the camera on herself, exposing her place in the life of her family. Her work examines the role that family dynamics play both on a personal level and in society at large. Click here to read more about LaToya Frazier at New York Close Up online.

Frazier gained her MFA Art Photography from Syracuse University and has completed residencies at Whitney Museum of American Art Independent Study Program, NYU Visiting Artist Program Resident, Center for Photography at Woodstock, and Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture. She has exhibited in over 50 shows.

Frazier is the recipient of an Art Matters Grant (2010), S.J. Wallace Truman Fund Award, National Academy Museum, NY (2008), Master's Prize Award, School of Visual Performing Arts, Syracuse, NY (2008), an Aperture Portfolio Review Honorable Mention (2006), Geraldine Dodge Fellowship Award, Director's Citation Award, Black Maria Film Festival, and an African American Fellowship, African American Studies Dept, Syracuse University (2004)

Her work is in the collections of Joseph T Baio Collection, NY, Haggerty Museum of Art, Milwaukee, WI, Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University Art Museum, Cambridge, MA, Center for Photography at Woodstock, NY, and the Samuel Dorsky Museum of Art, SUNY New Paltz, NY. Her work has appeared in New York Times Magazine, Fader Magazine, and Newsweek.', 598 : '

Martin Parr 

', 599 : '

David Alan Harvey 

', 610 : 'Sally Mann

Sally Mann (b. Lexington, VA, USA, 1951) has remained close to her southern roots. Her investigations of her own family has been a continuing theme in her work from her study of her three children Immediate Family (1992) through to her more recent work Proud Flesh (2009) on her husband Larry naked body as he handles late-onset muscular dystrophy. Personal studies take us into difficult realms of youthful sexuality and illness but the challenge of Sally Mann is for the viewer to confront reality which is rarely neat. She has experimented with nineteenth and early twentieth century photographic process such as wet plate collodion, platinum printing and bromoil all of which are appropriate to the subjects of aging and the history rich landscapes of the region she lives. Click here to view some of her work. She has been the subject of two documentaries: Blood Ties (1994), which was nominated for an Academy Award, and What Remains (2007). To learn more about Sally Mann, watch the following three online interview segments, titled, "What Remains: The Life and Work of Sally Mann". Part 1, Part 2, Part 3.', 600 : 'Callie Shell

Callie Shell is photojournalist working as a contract photographer with Time magazine and her work is represented by Aurora Photos. She first met Obama in 2004 and in 2006 decided to start following his progress before his presidential campaign was announced. This close-up and personal view of a President in the making is a significant historical study. Click here to see some of Callie Shell's work, and learn more about her. Click here to learn more about her relationship with the Presidential family and read more stories behind her photographs. To see TIME Magazine's cover story and more photographs by Callie Shell, click here. ', 601 : 'George Steinmetz

', 602 : '

Antonin Kratochvil

', 603 : 'Massimo Vitali

', 604 : '

Nan Goldin

', 605 : 'George Steinmetz

', 606 : '

Mary Ellen Mark 

', 607 : '

Christopher Anderson 

Christopher Anderson (b. Kelowna , BC, Canada, 1970) from an early career working in the photography lab at the Dallas Morning News he morning to work as a photographer for a newspaper in Colorado (1993) leaving two years later to become freelance. In 1996 he became a contract photographer for U.S. News and World Report and documented the Russian economic crisis and the plight of Afghan refugees to Pakistan. In 1999 he joined refugees from Haiti as they tried to sail to America. It was this black and white series that won him the Robert Capa Gold Medal (2000) . He joined VII in 2002 and became a Magnum Photos nominee in 2005. Click here to view his work at Magnum photo and listen to an online interview.

', 608 : '', 609 : '

David Alan Harvey 

', 611 : '

Tom Mangelson

Thomas D. Mangelsen is recognized as one of the world’s premier nature photographers.

Mangelsen began in 1974 as a cinematographer for National Geographic. Later, he worked on PBS Nature and BBC Natural World films about wildfowl specializing in photographing birds in flight.

His image Polar Dance was selected by the International League of Conservation Photographers in 2010 as one of the 40 Most Important Nature Photographs of All Time. Dr. Jane Goodall has called Mangelson a Heroes of the Animal Planet. He received an Honorary Fellowship from The Royal Photographic Society in 2002 and was named “Outstanding Nature Photographer of the Year” by the North American Nature Photographer Association in 2000. In 1994, Mangelsen received the prestigious BBC Wildlife Photographer of the Year Award.

Mangelsen’s photography has been shown at the Natural History Museum in London, the Joslyn Art Museum in Omaha, Nebraska and most recently, 2009-2010, in a major exhibit at the National Museum of Wildlife Art in Jackson, Wyoming. He has published three fine art books and his work has been published in National Geographic, Life, Audubon, National Wildlife, Smithsonian, Natural History, Newsweek, Wildlife Art, American Photo.

In addition, Mangelsen is co-founder of the Cougar Fund, a founding Fellow of The international League of Conservation Photographers, on the international advisory council for the Jane Goodall Institute and a board ambassador for the Jackson Hole Conservation Alliance. Click here to visit the Cougar Fund website.

Visit this link to read more about Tom Mangelsen.

', 612 : 'David Liittschwager

David Liittschwager (born Eugene, OR) is best-known for his larger-than-life images of rare flora and fauna. His series One Cubic Foot received much attention; each image in One Cubic Foot depicts every living organism in a single cubic foot of a unique ecosystem. Click here to view this article link.

Between 1983 and 1986, Liittschwager assisted photographer Richard Avedon in New York.

Now a contributing photographer to National Geographi, Liittschwager has produced the books Skulls and X-Ray Ichthyology: The Structure of Fishes for the California Academy of Sciences. Liittschwager’s books in collaboration with Susan Middleton include Archipelago, Remains of a Rainbow, Witness, and Here Today.

Recipient of an Endangered Species Coalition Champion Award for Education and Outreach and a Bay & Paul Foundation Biodiversity Leadership Award. His photographs have been exhibited at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C., the Honolulu Academy of Art in Hawaii, and the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco.

Liittschwager was honored with a 2008 World Press Photo Award for his article on marine microfauna.

', 616 : '

Alex Chadwick

Alex Chadwick is an American journalist best known for his work on National Public Radio, and as a former co-host of the radio newsmagazine Day to Day. He was a part of the development of NPR's Morning Edition in the 1970's and was an on-air personality on All Things Considered and Weekend Edition. Chadwick has also worked with ABC and CBS. In January, 2009 he left NPR. Chadwick continues to do a video blog for Slate V called "Interviews, 50 cents" Chadwick received the Sigma Delta Chi Award for investigative journalism, two Lowell Thomas Awards from the Overseas Press Club for foreign reporting, and was part of the CBS News team that produced the Emmy- and Peabody-Award-winning documentary, In the Killing Fields of America. Chadwick is married to Radio Expeditions executive producer, Carolyn Jensen.

', 613 : 'David Liittschwager

David Liittschwager (born Eugene, OR) is best-known for his larger-than-life images of rare flora and fauna. His series One Cubic Foot received much attention; each image in One Cubic Foot depicts every living organism in a single cubic foot of a unique ecosystem.

Between 1983 and 1986, Liittschwager assisted photographer Richard Avedon in New York.

Now a contributing photographer to National Geographic, Liittschwager has produced the books Skulls and X-Ray Ichthyology: The Structure of Fishes for the California Academy of Sciences. Liittschwager’s books in collaboration with Susan Middleton include Archipelago, Remains of a Rainbow, Witness, and Here Today.

Recipient of an Endangered Species Coalition Champion Award for Education and Outreach and a Bay & Paul Foundation Biodiversity Leadership Award. His photographs have been exhibited at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C., the Honolulu Academy of Art in Hawaii, and the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco.

Liittschwager was honored with a 2008 World Press Photo Award for his article on marine microfauna. To view his National Geographic profile including some of images, click here.
', 614 : 'David Liittschwager

David Liittschwager (born Eugene, OR) is best-known for his larger-than-life images of rare flora and fauna. His series One Cubic Foot received much attention; each image in One Cubic Foot depicts every living organism in a single cubic foot of a unique ecosystem. Click here to view this project. Between 1983 and 1986, Liittschwager assisted photographer Richard Avedon in New York.

Now a contributing photographer to National Geographic, Liittschwager has produced the books Skulls and X-Ray Ichthyology: The Structure of Fishes for the California Academy of Sciences. Liittschwager’s books in collaboration with Susan Middleton include Archipelago, Remains of a Rainbow, Witness, and Here Today.

Recipient of an Endangered Species Coalition Champion Award for Education and Outreach and a Bay & Paul Foundation Biodiversity Leadership Award. His photographs have been exhibited at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C., the Honolulu Academy of Art in Hawaii, and the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco.

Liittschwager was honored with a 2008 World Press Photo Award for his article on marine microfauna.', 615 : '

Click here to view more of Tom Mangelsen's photographs in video format. To read more about Tom Mangelsen click here.

', 623 : 'Dr. Britt Salvensen

Dr. Britt Salvensen is a historian of art and photography and a museum curator.

She earned a BA at Trinity University in Spanish and Art History (1985-1989), an MA at the University of London’s Courtauld Institute of Art (1989-1981) and a doctorate at the University of Chicago (1991-1997) with a thesis on "Selling Sight: Stereoscopy in Mid-Victorian Britain." She then worked at The Art Institute of Chicago as Associate Editor of Scholarly Publications (1994-2003) and moved into curatorship at the Milwaukee Art Museum (2003-2004). In 2004 she moved to the Center for Creative Photography (2004) and in 2008 was appointed Director and Chief Curator. In 2009 she moved to Los Angeles to head the departments of photography and prints and drawings.

She has curated photographic exhibitions on Lee Friedlander, Ralph Gibson, Garry Winogrand, Richard Avedon, Harry Callahan, Ralph Eugene Meatyard and Danny Lyon along with other thematic shows. Click here to view. ', 617 : '

Christopher Anderson 

', 618 : '

Michael "Nick" Nichols

', 619 : 'Andrew Owen

Andrew Owen was appointed the position of Managing Director of LOOK3 in 2009. As Managing Director, Andrew’s role is to oversee the planning, directing, and completion of all LOOK3 operations in addition to serving as primary lead on fundraising, educational, and communications initiatives. Andrew joined the Festival of the Photograph team in the early planning stage and, as Operations Manager, became the Festival's first employee in 2007. In 2008, Andrew’s role expanded to include directing and managing the LOOK3 Workshops and Project Critique Sessions. Andrew further added to his responsibilities in 2009 by leading and managing the creation of a new www.look3.org website. Also a photographer, Andrew completed a seven-month personal project in 2009 photographing small and strange festivals around the United States. The project, called The American Festivals Project, received funding from National Geographic’s Young Explorer’s program and was a featured project on National Geographic’s website in 2010. Andrew was born in Charlottesville, Virginia in 1981, and graduated from Georgetown University with a degree in American Studies in 2004. Directly after graduating Andrew worked as research associate for the consulting firm Sustainability Partners, Inc., where was involved with client projects related to corporate business practices and sustainable business initiatives. Click the following video link to watch Andrew Owen talk about the LOOK3 Festival. ', 620 : '', 621 : '

James Nachtwey

  James Nachtwey (b. Syracuse, NY, USA, 1948) graduated from Dartmouth College, where he studied Art History and Political Science (1966-70) following it with jobs in the Merchant Marine, truck driving and news film editing as he taught himself photography. He started as a photographer for the Albuquerque Journal in New Mexico (1976) and moved to New York in 1980. In 1981 he covered Northern Ireland during the IRA hunger strike at a time when other notable photojournalists were there including Gilles Peress and Chris Steele-Perkins. Since then he has covered almost every major war and conflict around the world and been a member of Black Star (1980-1985) and Magnum (1986-2001) leaving to be one of the founding members of VII. He has been a witness to tragedies such as when photojournalist Ken Oosterbroek was killed and Greg Marinovich was seriously injured (1994) in South Africa an event dramatised in the film The Bang Bang Club (2010). He was in New York when the World Trade Center was destroyed on September 11, 2001. He has been awarded numerous prizes and awards including World Press Photo (1994) and the Robert Capa Gold Medal five times. In 2006 he won the 12th Annual Heinz Award in Arts and Humanities and in 2007 when he was awarded a TED prize he decided to cover extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDRTB) around the world. Click here to view his TED talk. With contemporary photojournalism it can be difficult to get assignments for stories and on occasion he has financed these projects himself to document what he considered needed to be documented including Romanian orphanages and famines in Sudan. Click here to view images online at VII. Click here to view more photographs by James Nachtwey (you will have to click on his name on the left). Click here to read more about James Nachtwey at the online Digital Journalist. Visit TIME photos online, here for more of this artist work. To view video of James Nachtwey discussing his war photographs, click here. Read more at the following link to our article featuring, James Nachtwey. Our Featured Article.

', 622 : 'Consensus!', 624 : 'Hugh Kenner

Hugh Kenner (1923-2003) was a Canadian literary scholar and university academic.

Educated at the University of Toronto under Marshall McLuhan and continuing with a PhD at Yale University with a prize-winning dissertation on James Joyce (1950). He continued his work on James Joyce, Ezra Pound, Samuel Beckett and literary criticism with academic positions at the University of California, Santa Barbara (1951-1973), Johns Hopkins University (1973-1990) and the University of Georgia (1990-1999).

The breadth of his scholarship included 25 books and contributions to over 200 more with studies on short stories, poetry, playwrights, modernist writing along with works on mathematics, computing, science and Chuck Jones. His received honorary doctorates from two universities and two Guggenheim fellowships (1956, 1963).

His papers are held at the Harry Ransom Center, The University of Texas at Austin. Click here to view. ', 625 : 'Edward Weston

Edward Weston (1886-1958) remains one of the most influential of all American photographers.

At the height of the Pictorialist period he received his first camera as a gift from his father (1902) and he took up amateur photography. After living in Los Angeles he went to Chicago (ca. 1908) to study commercial photography at the Illinois College of Photography. On his return to Los Angeles he worked for a commercial studio before setting up his own portrait studio (1911-1912). His life was shaped by the women he new Flora Chandler, Margrethe Mather, Tina Modotti and Charis Wilson each being significant in distinct periods of his life. Flora gave him four children; Margrethe introduced him to Oriental stylistic elements in his photography; Tina would take him to Mexico (1923-1926) and lead to his rejection of Pictorialism and influence his embrace of Modernism and Charis would travel with him as he perfected his detailed landscape work in California and the west. Edward Weston is one of very few photographers who have left detailed diaries that outline the highs and lows of his creative vision (1923-1943). The styles of Weston varied throughout his career, financial insecurity and emotional turmoil, affected many of his decisions but he remains one of the best-loved of all American photographers. The Museum of Modern Art in New York presented a major retrospective exhibition of Weston’s work in 1946.

On 18 August 2010 the Guardian newspaper in the UK published an article with the provocative title “Edward Weston: the greatest American photographer of his generation?”. Click here to view. as Weston was a bridge between Victorian Pictorialism and early twentieth century Modernism.

', 626 : '

Sadakichi Hartmann

Sadakichi Hartmann (ca. 1867-1944) was one of the key writers about art and photography in late 19th and early 20th century America.

Born on the island of Desima in Nagasaki harbour, Japan to a German father and a Japanese mother he was brought up by wealthy relatives in Germany. When young he ran away to Paris and his father disinherited him and then he immigrated to America 1882). Life was initially difficult working in print and engraving shops but his literary skills developed and he established himself through trips to Europe as well connected literary critic meeting many of the most significant personalities of the time including Walt Whitman, Liszt, Swinburne, Dante Gabriele and Cristina Rossetti. His perceptive comments on photography and art led him into the circle of Alfred Steiglitz who founded Camera Notes (1896) and the influential Camera Work (1903-1917). Steiglitz appreciated the abilities of Hartmann and he became a regular contributor on photography and art. He authored books on Shakespeare in Art (1900), History of American Art (1901), Japanese Art (1903) and The Whistler Book (1910). He was involved in the theatrical, art and literary world until Pearl Harbor when prejudice against the Japanese made association with him more difficult. Throughout his life he was able to understand and explain trends in all forms of the arts and he left a prodigious number of articles and books.

', 627 : 'William Henry Fox Talbot

William Henry Fox Talbot (1800-1877) was an English polymath with interests in linguistics, botany, science and a pioneer in the invention of photography being the first to print on paper and use a negative/positive process.

From his home at Laycock Abbey in England he was at the center of a large social circle of the key scientists of his time. Following his frustration with the camera lucida drawings he had attempted during his visit to Lake Como with his wife he carried out wide-ranging chemical experiments on how to capture a latent image on paper. With the assistance of Sir John Herschel he was able to fix the images he took with his “mouse-trap” cameras. And his invention was made public in 1839 soon after the announcement of the Daguerreotype by Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre. Although his photogenic drawings did not have the detail of the Daguerreotypes the ability to create copies and use paper made them the basis for almost all future photography.

The Correspondence of William Henry Fox Talbot has been the subject of scholarly study at DeMontfort University in the UK. Click here to learn more about this project. The BBC has further details about his life. Click here to view more. ', 628 : '

Bill Jay

Bill Jay (1940-2009) was an educator, photographer, academic, editor, author and photo-historian.

He commenced his professional career in England where he was the first Director of Photography at the Institute of Contemporary Art (ICA) in London. He was first Editor/Director of Creative Camera and Album magazines and a picture editor for magazines and image libraries. In a pre-Internet age he was a voracious hunter for the oddities of photo-history and published over 400 articles and 20 books on history and criticism. His three anthologies Cyanide and Spirits: an inside-out view of early photography (1991), Occam's razor: an outside-in view of contemporary photography (1992) and Sun in the Blood of the Cat (2001) took readers to many a lost treasure. He studied at the University of New Mexico and taught Arizona State University from 1972 for 25 years before failing health took its toll. He took thousands of portraits of photographers and left his archive to the Center for Creative Photography (Tucson, AZ, USA). He died aged 68 soon after retiring to Costa Rica.

As his friend photographer David Hurn wrote: "His staggering enthusiasm for the best of photography was infectious. Whenever you met him, he made you feel photography was worthwhile … He enriched my life and nobody can ask more of another"
Amanda Hopkinson wrote an obituary for the Guardian in the UK. Click here to view.

', 629 : 'John Schaeffer

John Schaeffer (1934-) is a chemist, university academic, President of the University of Arizona (1971-1982), photographer, passionate about astronomy and involved in the construction of some of the world’s largest telescopes.

Born in New York he attended Brooklyn Technical High School followed by Polytechnic Institute in Brooklyn and earning his PhD in chemistry from the University of Illinois and followed up with post-doctoral work at the California Institute of Technology. He taught at the University of California at Berkeley in 1959 and arrived at the University of Arizona in 1960. In 1974 while he was President of the University of Arizona he invited Ansel Adams to have a person show and at that show he proposed that Adams should leave his archive to the university. They had a number of discussions and agreed a grander vision of bringing together the archives of a number of notable photographers and this became the Center for Creative Photography (1975).

', 630 : 'Terry Pitts

Terry Pitts is an art historian and curator.

He is the former director of the Center for Creative Photography, The University of Arizona where he curated exhibitions such as “Grey Silva and William Mortensen: Two Pictorialist Photographers” (2000), He was appointed Director of Cedar Rapids Museum of Art. He is interested in Danish design, fashion and blogs on the works of W.G. Sebald.

He has been a juror for the Critical Mass Awards and on the Visual Arts Grants Panel for the National Endowment for the arts (2010). He has authored various books including Photography in the American Grain: Discovering a Native American Aesthetic, 1923-1941 (1988) and Edward Weston in the Taschen Icons series (2008).', 631 : 'Elizabeth Anne McCauley

Elizabeth Anne McCauley is a photo-historian and university academic with a specialty in 19th and 20th century photography. Click here to read more. Graduated from Wellesley College (1972) followed by an M.A. (1974) and a PhD (1980) from Yale University. Has worked at the University of New Mexico (1978-1981), University of Texas (1981-1988), University of Massachusetts (1988-2002) and Princeton University (2002-). She has been awarded numerous fellowships and grants including a Guggenheim Fellowship (1998-99). Her books "A.A.E. Disdéri and the Carte de Visite Portrait Photograph" (Yale University Press, 1985) and "Industrial Madness: Commercial Photography in Paris, 1848-71” (Yale University Press, 1994) remain classics of photo-history scholarship. She has authored numerous exhibition catalogues, chapters in books and journal articles on art and photography.

', 632 : '

Ulrich Keller

Ulrich Keller is a university professor specializing in photography and art.

He has a PhD from the University of Munich and his currently a Professor in the History of Art and Architecture at the University of California, Santa Barbara with interests in art and photography. He has authored and edited books on The Building of the Panama Canal in Historic Photographs (Dover, 1984), The Warsaw Ghetto in Photographs: 206 Views Made in 1941 (Dover, 1984), The Highway As Habitat: A Roy Stryker Documentation, 1943-1955 (1986), and worked on August Sander in August Sander: Citizens of the 20th Century: Portrait Photographs 1892-1952 (1986). In 2010 he was interested in how text/image packages published in photo-magazines have altered their roles as they have become high value items collected by institutions and private collectors.

His awards include a Guggenheim and a Senior Mellon Fellowship.

', 633 : 'Carl Chiarenza

Carl Chiarenza (1935-) is an American photographer, educator and author.

He received an A.A.S. (1955) and a B.F.A. (1957) from Rochester Institute of Technology, a M.S. (1959) and A.M. (1964) from Boston University and the PhD from Harvard University in 1973 on the photography of Aaron Siskind.

Throughout his career he has combined teaching at Boston University (1963-1986) and the University of Rochester (1986-1998), along with workshops at over 100 institutions, along with exhibitions of his own work including of 80 one-person and over 260 group exhibitions of his own, frequently abstract, photographs. Click here to view. From 1979 onwards his creative work has concentrated on collages. In 2001 A.D. Coleman wrote "Chiarenza is one of the medium's Renaissance men..."', 634 : 'Dianne Nilsen

Dianne Nilsen is Director of Rights and Reproductions Coordinator at the Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.

She studied photography at the Universities of Alabama and Oregon in 1970s and was apprenticed to photographer Brett Weston in Carmel Valley, California for two years prior. She moved to Arizona (1978) and earned a BFA, with an emphasis in photography, at the University of Arizona (1979). In 2003 she received a University of Arizona Staff Excellence Award.

', 635 : '

Fred Baldwin

Fred Baldwin (1927-) is one of the pioneers of Photography festivals through his work with FotoFest. Born in Switzerland where his father worked as a diplomat. He served as a Marine in Korea (1950-1951) and earned a B.A. from Columbia College, New York (1956). He worked as a freelance photographer after leaving college providing images for Audubon, LIFE, National Geographic, GEO, Camera (Switzerland), Bunte, STERN, Esquire, Sports Illustrated, Time Life Books, Natural History, Town and Country, Science Digest, Smithsonian Magazine, Newsweek, and the New York Times. His photographic work, mainly taken between 1957 and 1987, was wide ranging covering underwater photographs of polar bears and marlin, street gangs, rural poverty, and Texas. Click here to read more.

In the early 1970s he met Wendy Watriss in New York and they started to collaborate sharing common interests in photojournalism and continue to do so. They founded FotoFest in 1983 with the first festival being held in 1986 and by 1990 they had created a year-round program Literacy Through Photography.

', 636 : 'Andy Smith

Andy Smith is the owner of a fine art photography gallery in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA. Click here to view.

', 637 : 'Bill Gates

Bill Gates (1955-) has been a leader in software development since the 1970s.

Born into an affluent upper middle-class family he was fortunate to meet the two year older Paul Allen at Lakeside School in Seattle. Their access to computer through a teletype terminal in the late 1960s and early 70s led to lucrative joint projects. Dropping out of Harvard in 1974 he went to work with Paul Allen and in 1975 they founded Micro-Soft – that would evolve into the software giant Microsoft and by 1978 the company has gross sales of $2.5 million.

His 1994 marriage to Melinda French and the vast riches gained as Microsoft grew allowed the family to concentrate more on philanthropy with the founding of William H. Gates Foundation in 1994 and the creation of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in 2000 with a start-up contribution of $28 billion. Major projects include the eradication of Polio the reduction of Malaria, HIV/AIDS along with agriculture and improving excellence in teaching. His work with his mentor Warren Buffett and other billionaire philanthropists led to "The Giving Pledge" which is an agreement to contribute a large proportion of personal wealth to charity.

The wide ranging topics he is interested in are discussed on his blog, click here to read more, on his blog. ', 638 : 'Jeremy Adamson

Jeremy Adamson has been the Director of Collections and Services at the Library of Congress since 2006 and he was chief of the Library’s Prints and Photographs Division (2001-2006).

Before working at the Library of Congress he was senior curator at the Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian American Art Museum (1988-2001). He holds a PhD in the history of art from the University of Michigan and has taught, curated and published widely on furniture, quilts and the photographs of Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii.', 639 : 'Ella Watson

A biography of Ella Watson within the context of photography is only partly about her as a person and more about her as a symbol of the American working woman.

In 1942 Ella Watson was working as a charwoman in a US Government building in Washington D.C. when Roy Stryker of the Farm Security Administration (FSA) suggested that Gordon Parks should photograph her. Parks had been seeking ways of how a camera could be used to expose intolerance and the ever-shrewd Stryker suggested that she would be a good subject. Gordon Parks took photographs of her at work, at home and in her social activities. It is the series that show her Grant Wood style mop-in-hand posed in front of a large American flag that became an icon due to its visual strength. The captions that accompany the photographs of Ella Watson and the memories of Gordon Parks and the family of Ella Watson highlight that a single photograph is a part of a complex back story. In the case of Ella Watson the story included a history of how her father had been lynched, her husband accidentally killed by gunfire, sickness within her family and illegitimate children.

', 640 : 'Beverly Brannan

Beverly Brannan is an American curator of photography.

She is currently curator of 20th-century documentary photography at the Library of Congress with a particular interest in the work of the Farm Security Administration (FSA) and photojournalism. She has co-edited books including Documenting America: FSA-OWI Photographs, 1935-1943 (1989) and FSA: The American Vision (2006).', 641 : 'Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii

Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii (1863-1943) was a Russian chemist, educator, editor and pioneer of color photography.

He invented a camera that took oblong glass plates negatives using blue, green and red filters, positive were made from these plates and then a projector with three lenses was used to superimpose the images into a full color image. Using a railroad car equipped with a darkroom provided by Tzar Nicholas II he traveled through Russia (1909-1915) taking over 2000 color photographs - creating one of the first color documents on any country. World War I and the Russian Revolution (1917) resulted in a political environment that unstable and he left Russia in 1918 and settled in Paris. He obtained patents for processing color film and for the projection of color motion pictures. The Library of Congress purchased his collection in 1948. Click here to learn more.
', 642 : 'Wright Brothers

Orville (1871-1948) and Wilbur (1867-1912), widely known as the Wright Brothers, are credited with the invention of the first successful airplane capable of making a controlled heavier-than-air human flight.

The two brothers, who never finished high school, but showed experimental skills designing a printing press and publishing a number of local papers before opening a cycle sales and repair shop (1892) and then manufacturing their own bicycles (1896). The 1890s was a booming period for bicycles but also the popular interest in the possibility of flight had captured popular interest with the glides of the ill-fated Otto Lilienthal in Germany.

In 1899 they commenced aeronautical experiments into controlled flight. Experimenting with kites, gliders, and approximately 200 wing shapes they refined their tests. The number of experiments they completed in four years was staggering and they applied for a patent for a “flying machine” (March, 23, 1903) and they made successful flights in December of the same year. Their initial flights met with press skepticism over the following years until they gave public demonstrations in France and the USA (1908).', 643 : 'Mike "King" Kelly

Mike "King" Kelly (1857-1894) was one of the outstanding baseball players and managers of the 19th century and he is included in the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Click here to learn more.

He paid for 16 seasons mostly with the Chicago White Stockings and the Boston Beaneaters. When he was sold to the Boston Beaneaters in 1886 it was for a record $10,000 and became known as the "$10,000 Beauty" and King Kelly. His career was clouded by controversies and accusations of cheating, including stealing bases, but this was not unusual at the time. In Boston he also acted in Vaudeville displaying a talent for comedy. In November 1894 he died of pneumonia while on a trip to New York for a theater engagement.

The complete text of his book , "Play Ball: Stories of the Diamond Field" (1888) is available online. Click here to view.
', 646 : '

Douglas Nickel 

Professor and curator of Photography.

He has a Bachelor’s degree from Cornell University in Modern Art (1979-1983), a Masters from Princeton (1986-1989) and a Phd from Princeton (1989-1995) specializing in the photographs of Francis Frith in Egypt and Palestine. He worked at the San Francisco Art Institute and became Associate Curator (1997-1999) and later Curator (1999-2003) of Photography at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. In 2003 he became the Director of the Center for Creative Photography at the University of Arizona a post he held until 2007. He has combined curating and teaching throughout his career and is currently the Andrea V. Rosenthal Professor of Modern Art at Brown University. Click here to read more about Doug and view his CV. He has published on John Guttman, Peter Henry Emerson, Francis Frith, Lewis Carroll and many other photographers.

', 647 : 'Jane Fulton Alt

Clinical social worker and photographer who explores spirituality and the sense of loss brought on by disasters such as Hurricane Katrina (2005) and the Deepwater Horizon disaster in the Gulf of Mexico (2010).

Having completed degrees in social work she studied photography at Evanston Art Center, Columbia College Chicago, and the School of the Art Institute Chicago. Her first monograph “Look and Leave: Photographs and Stories from New Orleans's Lower Ninth Ward” was published by the Center for American Places (2009). She was a winner in the Critical Mass Top 50, 2011 and was a PDN 2011 Curators Choice. Her photographs are held in a number of significant collections including the Museum of Fine Arts; Houston, Texas, New Orleans Museum of Art and the National Museum of American History (Smithsonian Photographic History Collection). Recent series includes "The Burn" which focuses on controlled burns in Lake Forest, Illinois and run by the Lake Forest Open Lands Association. Her work is represented by the Corden Potts Gallery. Click this link to view her personal photography website.
', 648 : '

Bertoloni

Antonio Bertoloni (1775-1869) was an Italian botanist who made detailed studies of Italian plants.

In June 1839 Henry Fox Talbot sent a package of photogenic drawings (early photographs) to him and this album is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

', 649 : 'Douglas Eklund

Associate Curator in the Department of Photographs at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

With expertise in contemporary photography he curated “The Pictures Generation, 1974-1984” exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (2009) and has published essays and monographs on Walker Evans (2000, 2004), Thomas Struth (2002), John Baldessari (2009) and Troy Brauntuch (2010).

', 650 : 'Mia Fineman

Art historian and Curator in the Department of Photographs at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

She writes articles with provocative titles such as “Naked Ambition: Why doesn’t Spence Tunick get any respect?”, “My Kid Could Paint That - Does Marla Olmstead's work belong in a museum or on the fridge?” and relates episodes of following conceptual artists in Thailand as they attempted to teach elephants on how to paint and gives talks on obsolescence and anonymous photographs. With wide ranging scholarship her works on photography include books and essays on Sean Scully, Richard Avedon (2002), Walker Evans (2004), Gabriel Orozco (2004), Kate Javens (2008) and Mitch Epstein.' }; var id = new Array(); id[0] = 1; id[1] = 2; id[2] = 3; id[3] = 235; id[4] = 236; id[5] = 237; id[6] = 238; id[7] = 239; id[8] = 240; id[9] = 241; id[10] = 242; id[11] = 243; id[12] = 244; id[13] = 259; id[14] = 247; id[15] = 248; id[16] = 249; id[17] = 250; id[18] = 251; id[19] = 252; id[20] = 253; id[21] = 254; id[22] = 255; id[23] = 256; id[24] = 261; id[25] = 260; id[26] = 262; id[27] = 263; id[28] = 264; id[29] = 265; id[30] = 266; id[31] = 267; id[32] = 268; id[33] = 269; id[34] = 275; id[35] = 272; id[36] = 270; id[37] = 271; id[38] = 273; id[39] = 274; id[40] = 278; id[41] = 276; id[42] = 277; id[43] = 279; id[44] = 280; id[45] = 281; id[46] = 282; id[47] = 283; id[48] = 284; id[49] = 285; id[50] = 286; id[51] = 287; id[52] = 288; id[53] = 289; id[54] = 290; id[55] = 291; id[56] = 292; id[57] = 293; id[58] = 294; id[59] = 295; id[60] = 296; id[61] = 297; id[62] = 298; id[63] = 299; id[64] = 300; id[65] = 301; id[66] = 302; id[67] = 303; id[68] = 304; id[69] = 644; id[70] = 645; id[71] = 305; id[72] = 306; id[73] = 307; id[74] = 308; id[75] = 309; id[76] = 310; id[77] = 311; id[78] = 312; id[79] = 313; id[80] = 314; id[81] = 315; id[82] = 316; id[83] = 317; id[84] = 318; id[85] = 319; id[86] = 320; id[87] = 321; id[88] = 322; id[89] = 323; id[90] = 324; id[91] = 325; id[92] = 326; id[93] = 327; id[94] = 328; id[95] = 329; id[96] = 330; id[97] = 331; id[98] = 332; id[99] = 333; id[100] = 334; id[101] = 335; id[102] = 336; id[103] = 337; id[104] = 338; id[105] = 339; id[106] = 340; id[107] = 341; id[108] = 342; id[109] = 343; id[110] = 344; id[111] = 345; id[112] = 346; id[113] = 347; id[114] = 348; id[115] = 349; id[116] = 350; id[117] = 351; id[118] = 352; id[119] = 353; id[120] = 354; id[121] = 355; id[122] = 356; id[123] = 357; id[124] = 358; id[125] = 359; id[126] = 360; id[127] = 361; id[128] = 362; id[129] = 363; id[130] = 364; id[131] = 365; id[132] = 366; id[133] = 367; id[134] = 368; id[135] = 369; id[136] = 370; id[137] = 371; id[138] = 372; id[139] = 373; id[140] = 374; id[141] = 375; id[142] = 376; id[143] = 377; id[144] = 378; id[145] = 379; id[146] = 380; id[147] = 381; id[148] = 382; id[149] = 383; id[150] = 384; id[151] = 385; id[152] = 386; id[153] = 387; id[154] = 388; id[155] = 389; id[156] = 390; id[157] = 391; id[158] = 392; id[159] = 393; id[160] = 394; id[161] = 395; id[162] = 396; id[163] = 397; id[164] = 398; id[165] = 399; id[166] = 400; id[167] = 401; id[168] = 402; id[169] = 403; id[170] = 404; id[171] = 405; id[172] = 406; id[173] = 407; id[174] = 408; id[175] = 409; id[176] = 410; id[177] = 411; id[178] = 412; id[179] = 413; id[180] = 414; id[181] = 415; id[182] = 416; id[183] = 417; id[184] = 418; id[185] = 419; id[186] = 420; id[187] = 421; id[188] = 422; id[189] = 423; id[190] = 424; id[191] = 425; id[192] = 426; id[193] = 427; id[194] = 428; id[195] = 429; id[196] = 430; id[197] = 431; id[198] = 432; id[199] = 433; id[200] = 434; id[201] = 435; id[202] = 436; id[203] = 437; id[204] = 438; id[205] = 439; id[206] = 440; id[207] = 441; id[208] = 442; id[209] = 443; id[210] = 444; id[211] = 445; id[212] = 446; id[213] = 447; id[214] = 448; id[215] = 449; id[216] = 450; id[217] = 451; id[218] = 452; id[219] = 453; id[220] = 454; id[221] = 455; id[222] = 456; id[223] = 457; id[224] = 458; id[225] = 459; id[226] = 460; id[227] = 461; id[228] = 462; id[229] = 463; id[230] = 464; id[231] = 465; id[232] = 466; id[233] = 467; id[234] = 468; id[235] = 469; id[236] = 470; id[237] = 471; id[238] = 472; id[239] = 473; id[240] = 474; id[241] = 475; id[242] = 480; id[243] = 481; id[244] = 482; id[245] = 483; id[246] = 484; id[247] = 500; id[248] = 501; id[249] = 502; id[250] = 485; id[251] = 486; id[252] = 487; id[253] = 488; id[254] = 489; id[255] = 490; id[256] = 491; id[257] = 492; id[258] = 493; id[259] = 494; id[260] = 495; id[261] = 496; id[262] = 497; id[263] = 498; id[264] = 499; id[265] = 503; id[266] = 504; id[267] = 505; id[268] = 506; id[269] = 507; id[270] = 508; id[271] = 509; id[272] = 510; id[273] = 511; id[274] = 515; id[275] = 516; id[276] = 512; id[277] = 530; id[278] = 513; id[279] = 514; id[280] = 517; id[281] = 518; id[282] = 519; id[283] = 520; id[284] = 521; id[285] = 522; id[286] = 523; id[287] = 524; id[288] = 525; id[289] = 526; id[290] = 527; id[291] = 528; id[292] = 529; id[293] = 531; id[294] = 532; id[295] = 533; id[296] = 534; id[297] = 535; id[298] = 536; id[299] = 537; id[300] = 538; id[301] = 539; id[302] = 540; id[303] = 541; id[304] = 542; id[305] = 543; id[306] = 544; id[307] = 583; id[308] = 549; id[309] = 545; id[310] = 546; id[311] = 547; id[312] = 548; id[313] = 550; id[314] = 551; id[315] = 552; id[316] = 553; id[317] = 554; id[318] = 555; id[319] = 556; id[320] = 559; id[321] = 560; id[322] = 557; id[323] = 558; id[324] = 561; id[325] = 562; id[326] = 563; id[327] = 564; id[328] = 565; id[329] = 566; id[330] = 567; id[331] = 568; id[332] = 569; id[333] = 570; id[334] = 571; id[335] = 572; id[336] = 573; id[337] = 574; id[338] = 577; id[339] = 575; id[340] = 576; id[341] = 578; id[342] = 579; id[343] = 580; id[344] = 581; id[345] = 582; id[346] = 584; id[347] = 585; id[348] = 586; id[349] = 587; id[350] = 588; id[351] = 589; id[352] = 590; id[353] = 591; id[354] = 592; id[355] = 593; id[356] = 594; id[357] = 595; id[358] = 596; id[359] = 597; id[360] = 598; id[361] = 599; id[362] = 610; id[363] = 600; id[364] = 601; id[365] = 602; id[366] = 603; id[367] = 604; id[368] = 605; id[369] = 606; id[370] = 607; id[371] = 608; id[372] = 609; id[373] = 611; id[374] = 612; id[375] = 616; id[376] = 613; id[377] = 614; id[378] = 615; id[379] = 623; id[380] = 617; id[381] = 618; id[382] = 619; id[383] = 620; id[384] = 621; id[385] = 622; id[386] = 624; id[387] = 625; id[388] = 626; id[389] = 627; id[390] = 628; id[391] = 629; id[392] = 630; id[393] = 631; id[394] = 632; id[395] = 633; id[396] = 634; id[397] = 635; id[398] = 636; id[399] = 637; id[400] = 638; id[401] = 639; id[402] = 640; id[403] = 641; id[404] = 642; id[405] = 643; id[406] = 646; id[407] = 647; id[408] = 648; id[409] = 649; id[410] = 650;